scholarly journals Listening to speech and non-speech sounds activates phonological and semantic knowledge differently

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Bartolotti ◽  
Scott R Schroeder ◽  
Sayuri Hayakawa ◽  
Sirada Rochanavibhata ◽  
Peiyao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Semantic Access ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Phonological Activation

How does the mind process linguistic and non-linguistic sounds? The current study assessed the different ways that spoken words (e.g., “dog”) and characteristic sounds (e.g., <barking>) provide access to phonological information (e.g., word-form of “dog”) and semantic information (e.g., knowledge that a dog is associated with a leash). Using an eye-tracking paradigm, we found that listening to words prompted rapid phonological activation, which was then followed by semantic access. The opposite pattern emerged for sounds, with early semantic access followed by later retrieval of phonological information. Despite differences in the time courses of conceptual access, both words and sounds elicited robust activation of phonological and semantic knowledge. These findings inform models of auditory processing by revealing the pathways between speech and non-speech input and their corresponding word forms and concepts, which influence the speed, magnitude, and duration of linguistic and nonlinguistic activation.

scholarly journals Orthography Shapes Semantic and Phonological Activation in Reading

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Hui-wen Cheng ◽  
Catherine L. Caldwell-Harris
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
English Orthography ◽  
Relative Activation ◽  
Phonological Activation

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:This study will investigate whether Chinese orthography differs from English orthography in terms of the relative activation of semantic versus phonological information. Do Chinese characters evoke greater activation of semantic information compared to phonological information? Do they trigger greater activation of semantic information than English orthography? Moreover, few studies have examined Chinese reading and alphabetic reading with the same experimental design. The present study fills these gaps in the literature by examining a previously unstudied phenomenon: semantic substitutions that occur during reading outloud tasks.

Thematic object pairs produce stronger and faster perceptual grouping than taxonomic pairs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Nah ◽  
Joy Geng
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Perceptual Unit ◽  
Critical Difference ◽  
Common Event ◽  
Taxonomic Relationships ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fundamental Units

While objects are fundamental units of vision that convey meaning, how different types of semantic knowledge affect perception is not fully understood. In contrast, the concept literature divides semantic information into taxonomic and thematic types. Taxonomic relationships reflect categorization by similarities (e.g., dog – wolf); thematic groups are based on complementary relationships shared within a common event (e.g., swimsuit – goggles; pool). A critical difference between these two information types is that thematic relationships are learned from the experienced co-occurrence of objects whereas taxonomic relationships are learned abstractly. In two studies, we test the hypothesis that visual processing of thematically related objects is more rapid because they serve as mutual visual primes and form a perceptual unit. The results demonstrate that learned co-occurrence not only shapes semantic knowledge, but also affects low level visual processing, revealing a link between how information is acquired (e.g., experienced vs. unobserved) and how it modulates perception.

scholarly journals Early and Late Modulation of Saccade Deviations by Target Distractor Similarity

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Mulckhuyse ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel ◽  
Jan Theeuwes
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Saccade Trajectory ◽  
Rule Out

In this study, we investigated the time course of oculomotor competition between bottom-up and top-down selection processes using saccade trajectory deviations as a dependent measure. We used a paradigm in which we manipulated saccade latency by offsetting the fixation point at different time points relative to target onset. In experiment 1, observers made a saccade to a filled colored circle while another irrelevant distractor circle was presented. The distractor was either similar (i.e., identical) or dissimilar to the target. Results showed that the strength of saccade deviation was modulated by target distractor similarity for short saccade latencies. To rule out the possibility that the similar distractor affected the saccade trajectory merely because it was identical to the target, the distractor in experiment 2 was a square shape of which only the color was similar or dissimilar to the target. The results showed that deviations for both short and long latencies were modulated by target distractor similarity. When saccade latencies were short, we found less saccade deviation away from a similar than from a dissimilar distractor. When saccade latencies were long, the opposite pattern was found: more saccade deviation away from a similar than from a dissimilar distractor. In contrast to previous findings, our study shows that task-relevant information can already influence the early processes of oculomotor control. We conclude that competition between saccadic goals is subject to two different processes with different time courses: one fast activating process signaling the saliency and task relevance of a location and one slower inhibitory process suppressing that location.

The Role of Repetition and Associative Interference in New Semantic Learning in Amnesia: A Case Experiment

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Gordon Hayman ◽  
Carol A. Macdonald ◽  
Endel Tulving
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Amnesic Patient ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Associative Interference ◽  
Extensive Experiment ◽  
Semantic Learning ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Target Words

The question of whether globally amnesic subjects can learn new semantic (factual) information is controversial. Some students of amnesia believe that they can, others that they cannot. In this article we report an extensive experiment conducted with the amnesic patient K.C. in which we examined the role of repetition and associative interference in his learning of new semantic information. In the course of 8 study sessions distributed over 4 weeks, we taught K.C. novel, amusing definitions of 96 target words (e.g., “a talkative featherbrain—PARAKEET”). We varied systematically the degree of both pre-experimental and intraexperimental associative interference, as well as the amount of study. The results of the experiment showed that K.C. can learn new semantic knowledge, and retain it over a period as long as 30 months indistinguishably from control subjects. The results further showed that the efficacy of such learning depends critically on both repetition of the material and the absence, or minimization, of pre-experimental and intraexperimental associative interference. These findings suggest that the extent to which at least some amnesic patients can acquire and retain new semantic knowledge depends on the conditions under which learning occurs, and that unqualified statements regarding the deficiency or absence of such learning in amnesia are not justified.

Why the Mind Wanders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Mills ◽  
Arianne Herrera-Bennett ◽  
Myrthe Faber ◽  
Kalina Christoff
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Memory Efficiency ◽  
Random Fashion ◽  
Phenomenological Account ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
The Mind

This chapter offers a functional account of why the mind—when free from the demands of a task or the constraints of heightened emotions—tends to wander from one topic to another, in a ceaseless and seemingly random fashion. We propose the default variability hypothesis, which builds on William James’s phenomenological account of thought as a form of mental locomotion, as well as on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling. Specifically, the default variability hypothesis proposes that the default mode of mental content production yields the frequent arising of new mental states that have heightened variability of content over time. This heightened variability in the default mode of mental content production may be an adaptive mechanism that (1) enhances episodic memory efficiency through de-correlating individual episodic memories from one another via temporally spaced reactivations, and (2) facilitates semantic knowledge optimization by providing optimal conditions for interleaved learning.

scholarly journals Text Matching and Categorization: Mining Implicit Semantic Knowledge from Tree-Shape Structures

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Guo ◽  
Wanli Zuo ◽  
Tao Peng ◽  
Lin Yue
Keyword(s):  
Text Categorization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Semistructured Data ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Lexical Analysis ◽  
Tree Shape ◽  
Implicit Information

The diversities of large-scale semistructured data make the extraction of implicit semantic information have enormous difficulties. This paper proposes an automatic and unsupervised method of text categorization, in which tree-shape structures are used to represent semantic knowledge and to explore implicit information by mining hidden structures without cumbersome lexical analysis. Mining implicit frequent structures in trees can discover both direct and indirect semantic relations, which largely enhances the accuracy of matching and classifying texts. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm remarkably reduces the time and effort spent in training and classifying, which outperforms established competitors in correctness and effectiveness.

Naming Difficulties in Language-Disabled Children

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1026-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Faust ◽  
Lilly Dimitrovsky ◽  
Shira Davidi
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Disabled Children ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Feeling Of Knowing ◽  
Language Disabilities ◽  
Word Representation ◽  
Phonological Treatment ◽  
Tip Of The Tongue

The "tip of the tongue" (TOT) paradigm in a picture-naming task was presented to 14 children with language disabilities (LD) and 14 children without language disabilities (ND). Although the two groups did not differ in the semantic information they had on words they could not fully retrieve, the LD children had less valid and more invalid phonological information. They also had fewer correct responses and spontaneous recalls, more "Don't Know"s (DK) and TOTs, and less accurate "feeling of knowing" (FOK) judgments. These results, demonstrating dissociation between the semantic and phonological levels of word representation, support a two-stage model of word retrieval. These findings are evidence in favor of a phonological treatment approach for naming problems in LD children.

Design and Implementation of Mongolian Wordnet Management Platform

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 1344-1348
Author(s):  
Hasi ◽  
En Bo Tang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Knowledge Database ◽  
Management Platform ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Function Modules

With the development of natural language processing technology, a powerful tool containing semantic information is in great need in lexical semantic processing. Aiming at automatic processing of words in machine translation and automatic proofreading, Wordnet mainly provides semantic information in the form of a semantic knowledge database. The Mongolian Wordnet management and application platform includes two parts----the user searching function and the administrator maintaining function. Users can search semantic knowledge online and the administrator can maintain the adding, deleting, revising and searching functions of the database online as well. This article mainly introduces the construction theory of Mongolian Wordnet, the designing frame of the management and application platform, and the designing methods of the main function modules.

Knowing about People and Naming Them: Can Alzheimer's Disease Patients Do One without the Other?

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hodges John ◽  
John D.W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Stimulus Item ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Face Identification ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Alzheimer Type ◽  
Dementia Of Alzheimer Type ◽  
Object Processing ◽  
Moderate Dementia

It has recently been suggested that patients with semantic breakdown may show the phenomenon of so-called “naming without semantics”. If substantiated, this finding would clearly have a major impact on theories of face and object processing, all of which assume that access to semantic knowledge is a prerequisite for successful naming. In order to investigate this issue, we studied recognition, identification (the ability to provide accurate information), and naming of 50 famous faces by 24 patients with mild to moderate dementia of Alzheimer type (DA T) and 30 age-matched controls. The DA T group was impaired in all three conditions. An analysis of the concordance between identification and naming by each patient, for each stimulus item, established that naming a famous face was possible only with semantic knowledge sufficient to identify the person. Our data support the hypothesis that naming is not possible unless semantic information associated with the target is available. Naming without semantics, therefore, did not occur in patients with DAT. By contrast, there were 206 instances (17% of the total responses) in which the patients were able to provide detailed, accurate identifying information yet were unable to name the person represented. The implication of these findings for models of face identification and naming are discussed.

scholarly journals Modeling the control of phonological encoding in bilingual speakers

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARDI ROELOFS ◽  
KIM VERHOEF
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Phonological Rules

Phonological encoding is the process by which speakers retrieve phonemic segments for morphemes from memory and use the segments to assemble phonological representations of words to be spoken. When conversing in one language, bilingual speakers have to resist the temptation of encoding word forms using the phonological rules and representations of the other language. We argue that the activation of phonological representations is not restricted to the target language and that the phonological representations of languages are not separate. We advance a view of bilingual control in which condition-action rules determine what is done with the activated phonological information depending on the target language. This view is computationally implemented in the WEAVER++ model. We present WEAVER++ simulations of the cognate facilitation effect (Costa, Caramazza and Sebastián-Gallés, 2000) and the between-language phonological facilitation effect of spoken distractor words in object naming (Hermans, Bongaerts, de Bot and Schreuder, 1998).

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