scholarly journals Modeling the control of phonological encoding in bilingual speakers

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARDI ROELOFS ◽  
KIM VERHOEF
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Object Naming ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Phonological Rules

Phonological encoding is the process by which speakers retrieve phonemic segments for morphemes from memory and use the segments to assemble phonological representations of words to be spoken. When conversing in one language, bilingual speakers have to resist the temptation of encoding word forms using the phonological rules and representations of the other language. We argue that the activation of phonological representations is not restricted to the target language and that the phonological representations of languages are not separate. We advance a view of bilingual control in which condition-action rules determine what is done with the activated phonological information depending on the target language. This view is computationally implemented in the WEAVER++ model. We present WEAVER++ simulations of the cognate facilitation effect (Costa, Caramazza and Sebastián-Gallés, 2000) and the between-language phonological facilitation effect of spoken distractor words in object naming (Hermans, Bongaerts, de Bot and Schreuder, 1998).

The Role of Phonology in Reading Comprehension: Implications of the Effects of Homophones on Processing Sentences with Referentially Dependent Categories

1992 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria S. Waters ◽  
David Caplan ◽  
Carol Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Sentence Condition ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Cold Blood ◽  
The Subject ◽  
In Cold Blood

Two experiments investigated whether phonological representations are activated in the processing of anaphors in reading, and if they are, whether they play a role in the initial (first-pass) processing of the sentence or in review (second-pass) processes. Subjects made sentence acceptability judgements for sentences that contained either verb-gaps or indefinite and personal pronouns (overt anaphors). All sentences contained homophones. Half of the semantically unacceptable sentences were phonologically plausible if the homophones were inserted in the gap (e.g. The children sleighed in the winter, and the murderer in cold blood) or used as the referent of the pronoun (e.g. There is a sale on at the store and I have one at the boat). The other half of the semantically unacceptable sentences were phonologically implausible. In both experiments, half of the subjects saw the sentences under normal viewing conditions (whole sentence condition); for the other half of the subjects the words of each sentence were presented sequentially in the centre of the video screen at the rate of 250 msec/word (RSVP condition). A large proportion of the phonologically implausible sentences in the first experiment contained phrases in the second clause which resulted in semantic “oddities” (e.g. The children sleighed in the winter, and the murderer in the jar); the sentences in Experiment 2 did not contain such oddities. In Experiment 1 subjects made more errors on the phonologically plausible than implausible unacceptable sentences with both verb-gaps and pronouns in the whole sentence but not in the RSVP condition. There was no effect of phonological plausibility in Experiment 2. As the effect of phonological plausibility was only seen in the whole sentence condition, and only when the sentences contained semantic oddities, these data suggest that phonological information was not used in the first-pass analysis of the sentence, but rather when the subject re-read the sentence to find the referent.

scholarly journals Improving Low-Resource Morphological Learning with Intermediate Forms from Finite State Transducers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Moeller ◽  
Ghazaleh Kazeminejad ◽  
Andrew Cowell ◽  
Mans Hulden
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Intermediate Representation ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Finite State Transducers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Morphology Learning

Neural encoder-decoder models are usually applied to morphology learning as an end-to-end process without considering the underlying phonological representations that linguists posit as abstract forms before morphophonological rules are applied. Finite State Transducers for morphology, on the other hand, are developed to contain these underlying forms as an intermediate representation. This paper shows that training a bidirectional two-step encoder-decoder model of Arapaho verbs to learn two separate mappings between tags and abstract morphemes and morphemes and surface allomorphs improves results when training data is limited to 10,000 to 30,000 examples of inflected word forms.

Intrusões: Guimarães Rosa-Bogotá Notas para uma tradução de “Páramo”

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bairon Oswaldo Vélez
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
Mountain Sickness

This paper comments on the first Spanish translation of João Guimarães Rosa's short story "Páramo", which narrates the exile of a Brazilian lost with mountain sickness in a cold and hostile Bogotá. This translation is briefly explained in the following pages, giving special emphasis to some prominent features of the original version, in addition to the cultural context, critical and theoretical readings and the translation strategy evident in the translator‘s intervention. Finally, it is made clear how a certain perspective of the other – present in the original version as well – passes through the translation process and indicates the conditions of its presentation in the target language. The original article is in Portuguese.

Glottalization and linking in the L2 speech of Czech learners of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110158
Author(s):  
Radek Skarnitzl ◽  
Petr Čermák ◽  
Pavel Šturm ◽  
Zora Obstová ◽  
Jan Hricsina
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Lexical Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Sound Pattern ◽  
Frequent Use

The use of linking or glottalization contributes to the characteristic sound pattern of a language, and the use of one in place of the other may affect a speaker’s comprehensibility and fluency in certain contexts. In this study, native speakers of Czech, a language that is associated with a frequent use of glottalization in vowel-initial word onsets, are examined in the second language (L2) context of three Romance languages that predominantly employ linking between words (Spanish, Italian and Portuguese). In total, 29 native speakers and 51 non-native learners were asked to read a short text in the respective language. The learners were divided into two groups based on their experience with the target language. A number of other factors were examined in a mixed-effects logistic regression model (segmental context, lexical stress, prosodic breaks, and the semantic status of the words). The main results show that, regardless of the target language, the more experienced (ME) learners displayed significantly lower rates of glottalization than the less experienced (LE) learners, but significantly higher rates than native speakers. The pedagogical implications of the results are discussed.

Once Upon a Time in the Realm of Notions : The Conceptualisation of Novak Djokovic-Inspired Personality Shifts

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Nenad Blaženović ◽  
Emir Muhić
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tennis Player ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Metaphor Theory

An analysis was carried out with two interviews given by the tennis-player Novak Djokovic, one of which was in English and the other in his native Serbian. In both instances, Novak Djokovic used many conceptual metaphors throughout his speech, some of which were analysed in more detail. The main premise of the research was that people’s personalities change in accordance with language they speak at any given time and that they use different conceptual metaphors to describe the same events in different languages. The aim of the paper was to investigate whether personality shift in bilingual speakers can be observed through the speaker’s use of conceptual metaphors in different languages. Through the framework of conceptual metaphor theory, it was shown that Djokovic’s personality does change with the language he speaks. This change was shown through the conceptual metaphors, i.e., source and target domains that Djokovic used during the interviews. He does indeed use different source domains to conceptualise the same target domains in different languages.

The Principles Of Typological Study Of Transposition In The Uzbek And Korean Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Nazarova Shakhlo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Word Stress ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
The Stability

Like Uzbek, Korean belongs to the Altaic language family, and the sources assume that: a) Korean word forms are agglutinative schemes based on the stem + affix, b) sentences are based on the syntactic scheme of “possessive + second part + cut”, c) the stability of word stress and expiratory character, etc. Additionaly in a word structure the following can be divided: 1) 뾐ꭅ덽: 뾐 + ꭅ + 덽 ; 頝ꃝꍡ겑꽽鲙: 頝 + -ꃝꍡ- + -겑- + -꽽- + -鲙such that cores and appendages can be joined one after the other and separated; 2) according to the function of affix morphemes, «뾐-, -덽-, -ꃝꍡ-» word building, «-겑-, -꽽-, -鲙» 3) the formation of transpositive and non-transpositive artificial words by means of word-forming suffixes, 4) the relative freedom of the transpositive connection between independent, auxiliary words and morphemes also point to this genetic connection.

scholarly journals Coordinating nominal compounds: Universal vs. areal tendencies

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Francesco Arcodia
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Nominal Compounds ◽  
Noun Compounds ◽  
The One ◽  
Referential Function

AbstractCoordinating compounds, i.e. complex word forms in which the constituent lexemes are in a coordination relation, may be divided into two classes: hyperonymic, in which the referent of the whole compound is the “sum” of the meanings of the constituent lexemes (Korowaiyumdefól‘(her) husband-wife, couple’; van Enk, Gerrit J., & Lourens de Vries. 1997.The Korowai of Irian Jaya: Their language in its cultural context. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 66), and hyponymic, where the compound designates a single referent having features of all the constituents (Englishactor-director). It has been proposed that languages choose either type as the one with the “tightest” marking pattern; whereas the crosslinguistic tendency is to have tighter hyperonymic compounds, most languages of Europe rather have tighter hyponymic compounds (Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco, Nicola Grandi, & Bernhard Wälchli 2010. Coordination in compounding. In Sergio Scalise & Irene Vogel (eds.),Cross-disciplinary issues in compounding, 177–198. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins). In this paper, we will test this assumption on noun-noun compounds in a sample of 20 Standard Average European languages and in a balanced sample of 60 non-SAE languages, arguing that the preference for hyperonymic compounds is best explained by the default referential function of nouns; in hyponymic compounds, on the other hand, nouns are used to indicate properties. We will then compare nominal and adjectival coordinating compounds, showing that for the latter the hyponymic compounding pattern is the dominant one, as adjectives are prototypical property-denoting words.

scholarly journals Wieloaspektowość międzyjęzykowej ekwiwalencji stałych połączeń wyrazowych a ujęcie onomazjologiczne na przykładzie frazeologizmów typu tęga głowa

2020 ◽  
pp. 333-355
Author(s):  
Joanna Szerszunowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Multiword Expressions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Minor Significance ◽  
The Cross

The aim of this paper is to discuss the usefulness and reliability of the onomasiological approach in the cross-linguistic analysis of fixed multiword expressions based on the example of Polish phrases coined according to the model: ADJECTIVENOM FEM SING + GŁOWA ‘HEAD’ and their English and Italian counterparts. The three corpora are constituted by expressions registered in general and phraseological dictionaries of the respective languages to ensure that the units belong to the canon of Polish, English and Italian phraseological stock. The analysis of units collected for the purpose of the study clearly shows that in order to determine the true picture of cross-linguistic equivalence, the study should be focused on semantics of analysed phrases. Furthermore, the formal aspectmay be of minor significance in some cases due to the similarity of imagery of a source language idiom and the target language lexical item. On the other hand, stylistic value may have a great impact on the relation of cross-linguistic correspondence of the analysed units.

scholarly journals Leísmo or fake-leísmo? New Insights into Catalan Contact Spanish from the FEC Corpus

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Monja Burkard
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The aim of this study is to describe the use of the pronouns le and les in the Spanish spoken in the province of Barcelona. We analyzed a sample of 12 reading tasks and 22 oral interviews taken from two corpora: the FEC (Fonología del Español Contemporáneo, Pustka et alii 2018) corpus (with mainly Catalan-dominant bilingual speakers) and the Corpus oral de profesionales de la lengua castellana en Barcelona (Sinner 2001, with mainly Spanish-dominant bilinguals). In doing so, we took into account several linguistic variables as well as language dominance of the speakers in order to find out 1) if there is leísmo in Catalan Contact Spanish (although there is no equivalent of leísmo in Catalan) and if so, 2) which features of the referent and of the verb trigger leísmo in this variety, and 3) if Catalan-dominant bilinguals produce leísmo to a lesser extent. While the results of the reading task suggest that leísmo is not absent in the Spanish of Barcelona, there are only a few cases of leísmo in spontaneous speech in both corpora. Regarding the linguistic variables, we see that on the one hand, leísmo is not restricted to leísmo correcto in our corpora; on the other hand, the majority are fake-leismo cases. Thus, our data seem to suggest that the Spanish of Barcelona is only a fake-leísmo variety. Regarding the language dominance, however, we find that Catalan-dominant bilinguals do not produce fewer cases of leísmo, since the leísmo rate is higher in the FEC corpus.

scholarly journals Discovering the Other through the Translation of Idiomatic Expressions by Idiomatic Equivalents: The Case of Arabic into French

2021 ◽  
pp. 238-256
Author(s):  
Amal Arrame
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Communication Situation ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions

Translation is not simple transpositions operations or transcoding processes from one language to another, it involves complex mental processes where linguistics alone cannot be sufficient. It is a communication situation between two languages, Arabic and French in this case, where the objective of the translator is the transmission of his final product in a clear way, respecting the meaning and the author intention of the original version. Translation of phrases is a real dilemma for translators; however, it turns out that it is a necessity in order to discover the other, and to try to keep the same effect as the source text by giving it a stylistic touch typical to the target language. To this end, we have carefully chosen the corpus that we have translated. A corpus that reflects the originality of the Arabic language and the possibility of reducing the linguistic, cultural and discursive gaps between Arabic and French through translation. The translation processes we have chosen, take into account the target language, French in this case, its idioms, phrases and proverbs inventory, its particularity and, finally, its ability to comprehend the idea contained in the idioms of the source language.

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