scholarly journals Visual gaze behaviour during free-kicks in football

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 653-661
Author(s):  
Sten Schaper ◽  
Lisanne van der Kaaden ◽  
Vosse de Boode ◽  
Geert Savelsbergh
Keyword(s):  
Football Players ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Quiet Eye ◽  
Critical Phase ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Visual Gaze ◽  
Insight Into

Visual gaze behaviour, and in particular Quiet Eye (QE), have been found to be important in aiming tasks in multiple sports. The aim of this study is to provide insight into the characteristics of gaze behaviour in a moving condition, that is of football players during the run-up and kick of free kicks. Fourteen skilled youth players performed a set of free-kick trials while their eyes were being tracked. Two QE periods have been determined prior to a critical phase of the kick: QE Target and QE Ball. For the scored trials both the QE Target (M = 886 ms SE = 78 ms) and QE Ball (M = 627 ms SE = 52 ms) duration were significantly longer than in the missed trials, QE Target (M = 488 ms SE = 45 ms) and QE Ball (M = 513 ms SE = 80 ms). The analysis of the number of fixations suggests that one fixation on a target is the optimum, and more (2-3x) or no fixations resulted in less accurate shooting. These results provide insight into the characteristics of football shooting that can be incorporated into shooting practice in order to improve performance.

scholarly journals Systematic Observation of Corner Kick Strategies in Portuguese Football Players

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Vítor Gouveia ◽  
João P. Duarte ◽  
Hugo Sarmento ◽  
José Freitas ◽  
Ricardo Rebelo-Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Football Players ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Systematic Observation ◽  
Notational Analysis ◽  
Team Success ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Insight Into

Set pieces are important for the success of football teams, with the corner kick being one of the most game defining events. The aim of this research was twofold: (1) to analyze the corner kicks of a senior football amateur team, and (2) to compare the corner kicks of successful and unsuccessful teams (of the 2020/21 sporting season). In total, 500 corners were observed using a bespoke notational analysis tool, using a specific observational instrument tool (8 criteria; 25 categories). Out of the 500 corner kicks, 6% resulted in a goal. A greater number of direct corners using inswing trajectories were performed (n = 54%). Corners were delivered to central and front post areas most frequently (n = 79%). Five attackers were most predominantly used for offensive corners (n = 58%), but defenders won the ball more frequently (n = 44%). Attempts at goal occurred following a corner most commonly from outside of the box (n = 7%). Goals were scored most frequently with the foot (n = 16%) and head (n = 15%). Successful teams are more effective at reaching the attackers and score more goals directly from corners. Unsuccessful teams deliver more corner kicks out of play, the first touch is more frequently from the opposition defenders, and fewe goals are scored from corner kicks. The study provides an insight into the determining factors and patterns that influence corner kicks and success in football matches. This information should be used by coaches to prepare teams for both offensive and defensive corner kicks to increase team success and match outcomes.

Mindfulness and Performance: Cautionary Notes on a Compelling Concept

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Dane
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Directing Attention ◽  
Insight Into

As Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) note, many conceptualizations of mindfulness include three characteristics. In particular, mindfulness is often defined as a state of consciousness in which an individual (a) focuses on the present moment, (b) attends to phenomena occurring both externally and internally, and (c) remains open to and accepting of observed stimuli—and thus avoids making judgments. Together, these characteristics grant insight into how mindfulness stands to improve performance in work settings. Just as directing attention to the work environment and the tasks and events associated with it can equip workers with key information for making decisions and help them identify and circumvent risks and threats, so too can attending to internal phenomena (e.g., emotions and intuitions) provide workers with useful inputs to the decisions they face (Dane, 2011). Furthermore, in refraining from making judgments and evaluations, workers are more likely to view unfolding events through a variety of lenses and are less likely to view their thoughts, feelings, and reactions as manifestations or indictments of who they are (Glomb, Duffy, Bono, & Yang, 2011). In line with these observations, researchers have hypothesized and provided evidence for positive relationships between mindfulness and the well-being and performance of workers (e.g., Allen & Kiburz, 2012; Dane & Brummel, 2014; Hülsheger, Alberts, Feinholdt, & Lang, 2013).

scholarly journals The Artification of Football: A Sociological Reconsideration of the ‘Beautiful Game’

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
John Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Sociological Explanation ◽  
Insight Into

Football is widely referred to as the ‘beautiful game’. This gives the impression that the sport can be aesthetically appreciated by its human observers. However, while many people might acknowledge that some of the physical movements made by top level football players exhibit grace, even beauty, this does not equate to football being accepted as a form of culture comparable to other areas of human activity described collectively as ‘the arts’. While this article takes an interest in philosophical inquiry into the aesthetic possibilities of football, it is primarily concerned with a sociological explanation as to how football has become ‘artified’. In doing so, the article draws upon the concept ‘artification’ as developed by Roberta Shapiro and Nathalie Heinich. The approach is not concerned with definitions of art according to aesthetic criteria or notions of appreciation, but with ‘how and under what circumstances art comes about’. This requires examining football in relation to discernible ‘constituent processes’ of artification. For reasons explained in the article, the contextual focus is on the artification of football in England. Artification is not a closed and finished matter. In that it can be said to have occurred, artification must be balanced against ‘de-artification’ in the form of potentially countervailing tendencies. Such consideration is taken up in the conclusion, via reflection upon the damaging impact of the excesses of commercial organisational control. Overall, artification is advocated as a sociological model that offers insight into the cultural significance of football in contemporary life.

scholarly journals Considerations for the study of individual differences in gaze control during expert visual anticipation: an exploratory study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Ramsey ◽  
Chris Button ◽  
Keith Davids ◽  
Guillaume Hacques ◽  
Ludovic Seifert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Gaze Control ◽  
Quiet Eye ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Main Observation ◽  
Primary Focus

Recent perspectives for the study of perceptual-motor expertise have highlighted the importance for considering variability in gaze behaviour. The present paper explores the prevalence of variability in gaze behaviour in an anticipation task through examining goalkeepers gaze behaviours when saving soccer penalty kicks, with a primary focus on offering new considerations for the study of variability in gaze behaviour. A subset of data from five goalkeepers in the previously published article of Dicks et al. ((2010) Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(3), 706–720) were reanalysed, with a focus on ten successful penalty saves for each goalkeeper. As the aim was to conduct exploratory analyses of individual differences in goalkeeping performance, data were not averaged across participants and instead intra- and inter-individual differences are described using descriptive statistics. The main observation was that variation in the goalkeepers’ gaze behaviours existed and were evident both between and within individuals, specifically with regards to quiet eye duration but also for percentage viewing time and visual search patterns. However, QE location appeared to represent the only invariant gaze measure with the location being on the ball for the majority of trials. The current exploratory analysis suggested that experienced goalkeepers did not converge on the same gaze patterns during successful anticipation performance. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to extant gaze behaviour literature before considering implications for future research.

scholarly journals Evaluating passing ability in association football

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Else Marie Håland ◽  
Astrid Salte Wiig ◽  
Magnus Stålhane ◽  
Lars Magnus Hvattum
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Generalized Additive Mixed Models ◽  
Additive Mixed Models ◽  
Passing Ability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In this paper, the passing ability of football players is determined by building three generalized additive mixed models that each explains a different aspect of a pass’ success: difficulty, risk and potential. The models are built on data from the 2014–2016 seasons of the Norwegian top division Eliteserien, and their predictive power is tested on the 2017 season. The results provide insight into the factors affecting the success of a pass in Eliteserien. These include the location of the pass, the relationship to previous passes and to situations such as throw-ins, corners, free kicks or tackles, as well as conditions specific to the Eliteserien, such as the time of season and the ground surface type. Finally, the key pass makers in the league are identified.

Recruiting Student Athletes: A Means-End Investigation of School-Choice Decision Making

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Klenosky ◽  
Thomas J. Templin ◽  
Josh A. Troutmam
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Athletic Programs ◽  
Interviewing Technique ◽  
Collegiate Football ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reports the results of an empirical study that draws on a means-end perspective to examine the factors influencing the school choice decisions of collegiate student athletes. A sample of 27 NCAA Division I collegiate football players were questioned to identify the attributes that differentiated the school they selected from the others they had considered attending. The interviewing technique known as laddering was then used to link the salient attributes of the chosen school to the consequences and personal values important to the athlete. An analysis of the resulting data provided unique insight into the means-end relationships that underlie students' selection of competing athletic programs. A discussion of the study findings outlined the implications of this investigation and the means-end approach for future recruiting and research efforts.

scholarly journals Cost and Performance Optimisation in the Technological Phase of Parcel Delivery – A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Ermin Muharemović ◽  
Samir Čaušević ◽  
Amel Kosovac ◽  
Jasmina Baraković Husić
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Technology Innovations ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Delivery Efficiency ◽  
Insight Into

The present review paper provides a systematic insight into the studies published so far when it comes to the research on the cost and performance optimisation in the parcel delivery phase. Globalisation, as well as the new trends, such as selling online, directly influences the demands for the delivery of goods. Demand for the delivery of goods proportionally affects the transport prices. A great majority of deliveries is carried out in densely populated urban areas. In terms of costs, the greatest part in the courier organisations costs is observed in the technological phase of parcel delivery, which is at the same time the least efficient. For that reason, significant improvement of performance and cost optimisation in the very delivery phase is a rather challenging field for the researchers. New algorithm-based technologies, innovations in the logistics and outsourcing of individual technological phases are ways by means of which one strives to enhance the delivery efficiency, to improve performance and quality, but also - to optimise the costs in the last phase of delivery. The aim of the present paper is to offer a systematic review into the most recent research in the field of technology, innovations and outsourcing models with the aim of reducing the cost and enhancing the productivity and quality in parcel delivery.

The Quiet Eye and Expertise: Sustained Fixations Do Not Transfer to Unpracticed Throws Among Expert Dart Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-279
Author(s):  
Jason Flindall ◽  
Scott Sinnett ◽  
Alan Kingstone
Keyword(s):  
Visual Fixation ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Expertise Development ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Quiet Eye ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Inhibition Hypothesis

The length of the last visual fixation before the critical final phase of a movement—the quiet eye (QE) fixation—is positively correlated with expertise and success. The present study tested the potential for intraskill transfer of QE durations in order to determine whether it is intrinsically linked to expertise development or is a separable skill that may be employed to improve performance under novel circumstances. The authors tracked highly skilled dart throwers’ gazes while they executed familiar (highly practiced) and familiar yet novel (distance/effector-modified) sport-specific actions. QE duration was significantly reduced when performing in unfamiliar conditions, suggesting that QE does not transfer to atypical conditions and may therefore be a result of—rather than a contributor to—expertise development. These results imply that intraskill transfer of QE is limited and, consistent with the inhibition hypothesis of QE development, argue against the value of teaching QE as an independent means of improving performance.

Coordinated gaze behaviour of handball referees: a practical exploration with focus on the methodical implementation

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frowin Fasold ◽  
Benjamin Noël ◽  
Fabian Wolf ◽  
Stefanie Hüttermann
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Gaze Fixations ◽  
Insight Into

Though the interaction of team members in sport has already been considered when analysing team expertise and performance, there is no comparable research addressing the interplay of referee teams as part of their expertise. Based on lab-based research on coordinated gaze behaviour, we assumed that orchestrating referees’ gaze is an important way of improving referee performances. To first scrutinize if handball referees coordinate their gaze, the gaze fixations of a handball referee team was analysed while they were presiding over a game. Results showed that referees mostly fixated the same aspects of game action (75%) and behaved differently as stated in existing guidelines for refereeing in handball. That is, the current results indicate that handball referees’ coordination of gaze behaviour seems far from optimal (they focused on the same aspects of game action too often) and should be considered when thinking about avenues to performance improvement. Furthermore, we tried to discuss potentials and limitations of the current research approach for future studies that seem necessary to gain more insight into the expertise interplay of referees.

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