Couples as socially distributed cognitive systems: Remembering in everyday social and material contexts

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia B Harris ◽  
Amanda J Barnier ◽  
John Sutton ◽  
Paul G Keil
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Past Experiences

In everyday life remembering occurs within social contexts, and theories from a number of disciplines predict cognitive and social benefits of shared remembering. Recent debates have revolved around the possibility that cognition can be distributed across individuals and material resources, as well as across groups of individuals. We review evidence from a maturing program of empirical research in which we adopted the lens of distributed cognition to gain new insights into the ways that remembering might be shared in groups. Across four studies, we examined shared remembering in intimate couples. We studied their collaboration on more simple memory tasks as well as their conversations about shared past experiences. We also asked them about their everyday memory compensation strategies in order to investigate the complex ways that couples may coordinate their material and interpersonal resources. We discuss our research in terms of the costs and benefits of shared remembering, features of the group and features of the remembering task that influence the outcomes of shared remembering, the cognitive and interpersonal functions of shared remembering, and the interaction between social and material resources. More broadly, this interdisciplinary research program suggests the potential for empirical psychology research to contribute to ongoing interdisciplinary discussions of distributed cognition.

When Do We Confront? Perceptions of Costs and Benefits Predict Confronting Discrimination on Behalf of the Self and Others

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Good ◽  
Corinne A. Moss-Racusin ◽  
Diana T. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Social Costs ◽  
The Self ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Perceived Benefits ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Path Modeling ◽  
Social Sanctions ◽  
Social Costs And Benefits ◽  
Past Experiences

Across two studies, we tested whether perceived social costs and benefits of confrontation would similarly predict confronting discrimination both when it was experienced and when it was observed as directed at others. Female undergraduate participants were asked to recall past experiences and observations of sexism, as well as their confronting behaviors. Path modeling in Study 1 ( N = 148) demonstrated that women were more likely to report confronting if they believed that the confrontation would make a difference (perceived benefits), or they were less concerned about social sanctions (perceived costs), and the prediction patterns were similar for both experienced and observed sexism. Study 2 ( N = 166) replicated the results of Study 1, as well as tested the moderating influence of gender identification. In situations of higher perceived social costs, women who were less strongly identified with their gender group were more responsive to the perceived benefits of the confrontation when deciding whether to confront on behalf of the self. The results of the two studies suggest that researchers should investigate methods for enhancing perceived social benefits and reducing perceived social costs when designing intervention programs aimed at increasing confrontation and decreasing the prevalence of discrimination.

Attentional Engines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Abstract Objects ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Musical Expression ◽  
Broad Base ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Perceptual Psychology ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
Philosophical Understanding

What is it about art that can be so captivating? How is it that we find value in these often odd and abstract objects and events that we call artworks? My proposal is that artworks are attentional engines. They are artifacts that have been intentionally designed to direct attention to critical stylistic features that reveal their point, purpose, or meaning. My suggestion is that there is a lot that we can learn about art from interdisciplinary research focused on our perceptual engagement with artworks. These kinds of studies can reveal how we recognize artworks, how we differentiate them from other, more quotidian artifacts. In doing so they reveal how artworks function as a unique source of value. Our interactions with artworks draw on a broad base of shared artistic and cultural constitutive of different categories of art. Cognitive systems integrate this information into our experience of art, guiding attention, and shaping what we perceive. Our understanding and appreciation of artworks is therefore carried in our perceptual experience of them. Teasing out how this works can contribute valuable information to our philosophical understanding of art. Attentional Engines explores this interdisciplinary strategy for understanding art. It articulates a cognitivist theory of art grounded in perceptual psychology and the neuroscience attention and demonstrates its application to a range of puzzles in the philosophy of the arts, including questions about the nature of depiction, the role played by metakinesis in dance appreciation, the nature of musical expression, and the power of movies.

Distributed cognition

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Cognition ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Key Dimensions

Synthesizing the domains of investigation highlighted in current research in distributed cognition and related fields, this paper offers an initial taxonomy of the overlapping types of resources which typically contribute to distributed or extended cognitive systems. It then outlines a number of key dimensions on which to analyse both the resulting integrated systems and the components which coalesce into more or less tightly coupled interaction over the course of their formation and renegotiation.

Meeting the Challenge of Amphibian Declines with an Interdisciplinary Research Program

2005 ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Collins ◽  
Nicholas Cohen ◽  
Elizabeth W. Davidson ◽  
Joyce E. Davidson ◽  
Andrew Storfer
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Amphibian Declines

The Goose, The Fly, and the Submarine Navigator

2011 ◽  
pp. 1636-1657
Author(s):  
Alexander Riegler
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Research ◽  
Rule Based System ◽  
Organizational Closure ◽  
Neuronal Systems

Interdisciplinary research provides in¬spirations and insights into how a variety of disciplines can contribute to the formulation of an alternative path to artificial cognition systems. It has been suggested that results from ethology, evolutionary theory and epistemology can be condensed into four boundary conditions. They lead to the outline of an architecture for genuine cognitive systems, which seeks to overcome traditional problems known from artificial intelligence research. Two major points are stressed: (a) The maintenance of explanatory power by favoring an advanced rule-based system rather than neuronal systems, and (b) the organizational closure of the cognitive apparatus, which has far-reaching implications for the creation of meaningful agents.

scholarly journals The Case for Explicit Ethical Agents

AI Magazine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Scheutz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Ethical Competence ◽  
System Risk ◽  
Normative Expectations

Morality is a fundamentally human trait which permeates all levels of human society, from basic etiquette and normative expectations of social groups, to formalized legal principles upheld by societies. Hence, future interactive AI systems, in particular, cognitive systems on robots deployed in human settings, will have to meet human normative expectations, for otherwise these system risk causing harm. While the interest in “machine ethics” has increased rapidly in recent years, there are only very few current efforts in the cognitive systems community to investigate moral and ethical reasoning. And there is currently no cognitive architecture that has even rudimentary moral or ethical competence, i.e., the ability to judge situations based on moral principles such as norms and values and make morally and ethically sound decisions. We hence argue for the urgent need to instill moral and ethical competence in all cognitive system intended to be employed in human social contexts.

scholarly journals Is dyslexia real or simply a myth in education context?

2020 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 09006
Author(s):  
Ulan Tlemissov ◽  
Gulnara Saparova ◽  
Ermek Abilmazhinov ◽  
Saltanat Karimova ◽  
Zhansaya Tlemissova
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Satisfactory Answer ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Cover Up

This paper considers a hot debate ensues in attempt to find a satisfactory answer to the question, ‘Is dyslexia real or simply a myth? This especially comes after remarks from a prominent member in the modern society, the Labour Backbench MP, Mr. Graham Stringer, who asserted that dyslexia was a myth brought forth by education practitioners as cover up for their poor methods of teaching. To a similar extent, the attempt to equally provide a yielding definition for the term dyslexia has also been vain, according to different researchers, the strings of meaning and concepts attached to the term appear to fit their own descriptions and past experiences. The end result of most consequential arguments and debates leave the matter unresolved, this is despite the fact that dyslexia, a type of disorder to many, is a term that has remained quite relevant in most social contexts in recent times. This paper discusses the various arguments that are put forward by main opponents and proponents to the existence of dyslexia, and concludes that dyslexia is a myth, and it is simply a term used broadly to describe the difficulties or limited abilities in demonstrating literary skills, as identified in different people, especially leaners in education contexts

Interacting to remember at multiple timescales

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas M. Bietti ◽  
John Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Multiple Timescales ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Collaborative Processes ◽  
Dinner Table ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Cooperative Processes

Everyday joint remembering, from family remembering around the dinner table to team remembering in the operating theatre, relies on the successful interweaving of multiple cognitive, bodily, social and material resources, anchored in specific cultural ecosystems. Such systems for joint remembering in social interactions are composed of processes unfolding over multiple but complementary timescales, which we distinguish for analytic purposes so as better to study their interanimation in practice: (i) faster, lower-level coordination processes of behavioral matching and interactional synchrony occurring at timescale t1; (ii) mid-range collaborative processes which re-evoke past experiences in groups, unfolding at timescale t2; (iii) cooperative processes involved in the transmission of memories over longer periods occurring at timescale t3; and (iv) cultural processes and practices operating within distributed socio-cognitive networks over evolutionary and historical timeframes, unfolding at timescale t4. In this paper we survey studies of how the processes operating across these overlapping and complementary timescales constitute joint remembering in social interactions. We describe coordination, collaboration, cooperation, and culture as complementary aspects of interacting to remember, which we consider as a complex phenomenon unfolding over multiple timescales (t1, t2, t3, t4).

scholarly journals A guilty pleasure: Tourist perspectives on the ethics of feeding whale sharks in Oslob, Philippines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie A Ziegler ◽  
Joshua N. Silberg ◽  
Gonzalo Araujo ◽  
Jessica Labaja ◽  
Alessandro Ponzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
Negative Impacts

This study explored the ethics of provisioning wildlife to enhance tourist interactions at a whale shark tourism site in Oslob, Philippines. TripAdvisor comments (n=947) and tourist surveys (n=761) were used to better understand tourists’ perceptions of whale shark provisioning in Oslob. The ethical decisions made were then critically assessed using utilitarian and animal welfare ethical philosophies. The majority of respondents supported whale shark provisioning, despite many being aware of the ethical complications of provisioning sharks for tourism purposes. Respondents justified their participation in this activity using mainly economic, human enjoyment, and animal welfare arguments. A utilitarian assessment of the potential costs and benefits of this activity highlighted the gaps in our knowledge regarding the economic and social benefits of this activity, as well as the negative impacts on the sharks’ welfare. Until such analyses are completed, significant ethical questions remain regarding the provisioning of these sharks.

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