scholarly journals The Case for Explicit Ethical Agents

AI Magazine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Scheutz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Ethical Competence ◽  
System Risk ◽  
Normative Expectations

Morality is a fundamentally human trait which permeates all levels of human society, from basic etiquette and normative expectations of social groups, to formalized legal principles upheld by societies. Hence, future interactive AI systems, in particular, cognitive systems on robots deployed in human settings, will have to meet human normative expectations, for otherwise these system risk causing harm. While the interest in “machine ethics” has increased rapidly in recent years, there are only very few current efforts in the cognitive systems community to investigate moral and ethical reasoning. And there is currently no cognitive architecture that has even rudimentary moral or ethical competence, i.e., the ability to judge situations based on moral principles such as norms and values and make morally and ethically sound decisions. We hence argue for the urgent need to instill moral and ethical competence in all cognitive system intended to be employed in human social contexts.

scholarly journals Cyber-animism: the art of being alive in hybrid society

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-60
Author(s):  
V. I. Arshinov ◽  
O. A. Grimov ◽  
V. V. Chekletsov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Digital Era

The boundaries of social acceptance and models of convergence of human and non-human (for example, subjects of artificial intelligence) actors of digital reality are defined.The constructive creative possibilities of convergent processes in distributed neural networks are analyzed from the point of view of possible scenarios for building “friendly” human-dimensional symbioses of natural and artificial intelligence. A comprehensive analysis of new management challenges related to the development of cyber-physical and cybersocial systems is carried out.A model of social organizations and organizational behavior in the conditions of cyberphysical reality is developed.The possibilities of reconciling human moral principles and “machine ethics” in the processes of modeling and managing digital reality are studied. The significance of various concepts of digital, machine and cyber-anymism for the socio-cultural understanding of the development of modern cyber-physical technologies, the anthropological dimension of a smart city is revealed. The article introduces the concept of hybrid society and shows the development of its models as self-organizing collective systems that consist of co-evolving biohybrid and socio-technical spheres. The importance of modern anthropogenic research for sustainable development is analyzed. The process of marking ontological boundaries between heterogeneous modalities in the digital world is investigated. Examples of acute social contexts that are able to set the vector of practical philosophy in the modern digital era are considered.

Articulating the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Collective Intelligence: A Transactive Systems Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 670-674
Author(s):  
Pranav Gupta ◽  
Anita Williams Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Cognitive Architectures ◽  
The Core ◽  
Systems Framework

Human society faces increasingly complex problems that require coordinated collective action. Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the potential to bring together the knowledge and associated action needed to find solutions at scale. In order to unleash the potential of human and AI systems, we need to understand the core functions of collective intelligence. To this end, we describe a socio-cognitive architecture that conceptualizes how boundedly rational individuals coordinate their cognitive resources and diverse goals to accomplish joint action. Our transactive systems framework articulates the inter-member processes underlying the emergence of collective memory, attention, and reasoning, which are fundamental to intelligence in any system. Much like the cognitive architectures that have guided the development of artificial intelligence, our transactive systems framework holds the potential to be formalized in computational terms to deepen our understanding of collective intelligence and pinpoint roles that AI can play in enhancing it.

scholarly journals Place recognition and heading retrieval are mediated by dissociable cognitive systems in mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (20) ◽  
pp. 6503-6508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Julian ◽  
Alexander T. Keinath ◽  
Isabel A. Muzzio ◽  
Russell A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Place Recognition ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Sense Of Direction ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Local Space ◽  
Spatial Geometry

A lost navigator must identify its current location and recover its facing direction to restore its bearings. We tested the idea that these two tasks—place recognition and heading retrieval—might be mediated by distinct cognitive systems in mice. Previous work has shown that numerous species, including young children and rodents, use the geometric shape of local space to regain their sense of direction after disorientation, often ignoring nongeometric cues even when they are informative. Notably, these experiments have almost always been performed in single-chamber environments in which there is no ambiguity about place identity. We examined the navigational behavior of mice in a two-chamber paradigm in which animals had to both recognize the chamber in which they were located (place recognition) and recover their facing direction within that chamber (heading retrieval). In two experiments, we found that mice used nongeometric features for place recognition, but simultaneously failed to use these same features for heading retrieval, instead relying exclusively on spatial geometry. These results suggest the existence of separate systems for place recognition and heading retrieval in mice that are differentially sensitive to geometric and nongeometric cues. We speculate that a similar cognitive architecture may underlie human navigational behavior.

scholarly journals The Thorny Challenge of Making Moral Machines: Ethical Dilemmas with Self-Driving Cars

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Edmond Awad ◽  
Jean-François Bonnefon ◽  
Azim Shariff ◽  
Iyad Rahwan
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Moral Machines ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Study ◽  
Monitoring And Enforcement ◽  
Self Driving Cars

AbstractThe algorithms that control AVs will need to embed moral principles guiding their decisions in situations of unavoidable harm. Manufacturers and regulators are confronted with three potentially incompatible objectives: being consistent, not causing public outrage, and not discouraging buyers. The presented moral machine study is a step towards solving this problem as it tries to learn how people all over the world feel about the alternative decisions the AI of self-driving vehicles might have to make. The global study displayed broad agreement across regions regarding how to handle unavoidable accidents. To master the moral challenges, all stakeholders should embrace the topic of machine ethics: this is a unique opportunity to decide as a community what we believe to be right or wrong, and to make sure that machines, unlike humans, unerringly follow the agreed-upon moral preferences. The integration of autonomous cars will require a new social contract that provides clear guidelines about who is responsible for different kinds of accidents, how monitoring and enforcement will be performed, and how trust among all stakeholders can be engendered.

scholarly journals Enaction as a Conceptual Framework for Developmental Cognitive Robotics

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vernon
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Cognitive Robotics ◽  
Robotic Systems ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Core Set ◽  
The World

AbstractThis paper provides an accessible introduction to the cognitive systems paradigm of enaction and shows how it forms a practical framework for robotic systems that can develop cognitive abilities. The principal idea of enaction is that a cognitive system develops it own understanding of the world around it through its interactions with the environment. Thus, enaction entails that the cognitive system operates autonomously and that it generates its own models of how the world works. A discussion of the five key elements of enaction — autonomy, embodiment, emergence, experience, and sense-making — leads to a core set of functional, organizational, and developmental requirements which are then used in the design of a cognitive architecture for the iCub humanoid robot.

scholarly journals Why Pluralism, Relativism, and Panthareism: An Ethical Landscape with Sport in the Background

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
External Support ◽  
Normative Ethics ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Ethical Pluralism ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Olympic Sport ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn reference to the monograph entitled “Sports and Ethics: Philosophical Studies”, published in the “Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research” quarterly (2014, vol. 62), and in particular in reference to the paper entitled “The Normative Ethics and Sport” (Kosiewicz, 2014, pp. 5-22), the article presents new and at the same time supplementary views on the relationships between sports and normative ethics. The main objective of the paper is to provide a rationale as to why these relationships may be viewed in the context of the assumptions of ethical pluralism, ethical relativism, ethical panthareism, and axionormative negationism.The text is of a strictly cognitive and extra-ideological nature and it attempts to avoid moral valuation, moralism, and moralizing. The view it postulates is also labeled as ethical negationism, which rejects the necessity for external support and enhancement of sports rivalry rules with moral principles. It assumes that regulations, book rules, and game rules as well as the principles of sports rivalry ought to be of an entirely amoral character, independent of ethics.The article suggests minimizing the impact of moral postulates on sport. It postulates a need for widespread propagation of this point of view in competitive, professional, spectator, and Olympic sport disciplines, as well as in top-level sports or elite sports. The views presented in the paper point to the need to separate normative ethics from sports as far as it is at all possible in contemporary sports indoctrinated with obligations or attitudes of a moral tenor. This is because normative ethics – according to the author - is relative ethics, depending on an unlimited number of variables, e.g., various social contexts or individual points of view.The text engages in a polemic with colloquial and evaluative opinions of those sports fans who by all means strive to bolster its formal, functional, and axiological status. A significant part of them erroneously attributes sports to an extraordinary moral mission related to promoting an intuitively understood good with a religious and extra-confessional tenor.

Transforming the “International Unsociety”: Towards Eutopia by Means of International Recognition of Peoples’ Representatives

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-480
Author(s):  
Isabelle Hassfurther
Keyword(s):  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Shared Humanity ◽  
Normative Expectations ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
Constitutional Legality ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Point Of Departure

This paper proposes a criterion of legitimacy for recognition of governments as a contribution to the “revolution in the mind”, a procedural vehicle towards a transformed international society envisioned by Philip Allott in his latest work ‘Eutopia’. It is suggested that in order to promote a shift from mere State co-existence to Allott’s Eutopia – a unified and flourishing human society – the representatives participating in the international process of renegotiating common values and ideas must be chosen according to a criterion coinciding with this end, not based on effective territorial control. Against this background, different contemporary proposals for determining legitimacy of governments are discussed, none of which seem apt to designate those employing the central mediating function between inner-State societies and the international sphere. Neither constitutional legality nor imposing a system of democratic legitimation necessarily ensure adequate representation of the free choice of the peoples. By contrast, the right to political self-determination, understood as an entitlement to exercise public sovereignty and be represented by the chosen government, provides a point of departure for a criterion of legitimacy sufficiently respecting normative expectations of the distinct national societies. Beyond this relative component, however, the dual role of legitimacy on the international plane calls for certain additional criteria reflecting a prospective international society’s core values. Therefore, a regime’s commission of mass atrocities, violating ius cogens norms which prioritise human beings and their flourishing, invariably deprives it of legitimacy to participate in the international self-constituting. A criterion of legitimacy so understood – combining relative and absolute standards of legitimacy, thereby ensuring the representation of varying societies’ ideas while safeguarding certain international core standards – could facilitate a ‘transitory Eutopia’ of legitimate peoples’ representatives, ultimately serving as a catalyst towards Allott’s “shared humanity of all human beings”.

Attention and Consciousness in Intentional Action: Steps Toward Rich Artificial Agency

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Paul Bello ◽  
Will Bridewell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Psychological Explanation ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Machine Interaction ◽  
Insight Into

If artificial agents are to be created such that they occupy space in our social and cultural milieu, then we should expect them to be targets of folk psychological explanation. That is to say, their behavior ought to be explicable in terms of beliefs, desires, obligations, and especially intentions. Herein, we focus on the concept of intentional action, and especially its relationship to consciousness. After outlining some lessons learned from philosophy and psychology that give insight into the structure of intentional action, we find that attention plays a critical role in agency, and indeed, in the production of intentional action. We argue that the insights offered by the literature on agency and intentional action motivate a particular kind of computational cognitive architecture, and one that hasn’t been well-explicated or computationally fleshed out among the community of AI researchers and computational cognitive scientists who work on cognitive systems. To give a sense of what such a system might look like, we present the ARCADIA attention-driven cognitive system as first steps toward an architecture to support the type of agency that rich human–machine interaction will undoubtedly demand.

scholarly journals Implicit Values behind Young Architects’ Moral Level: A Case Study in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Tareef Hayat Khan ◽  
Sohel Rana
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Defining Issues Test ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
One Step

<p>Moral principles are perpetually of immense significance in human society. Kohlberg has been recognized in the scholar world as the forerunner in identifying moral levels. Though subjective, his six levels of morality set the platform for other researchers to look deeply into it across many parameters. Later on, attempts were also made to measure morality quantitatively. Defining Issues Test (DIT) is one of the most recognized one. Studies went one step deeper with professional ethics being considered as a component of general morality. The challenge was that, while measuring ethics, a universal tool seemed to be unfair to judge different professionals. Moreover, in most cases, code of conducts, instead of morality, was the platform to measure Ethics. Construction-related Moral-judgment Test (CMT) was one of few newly developed tools to measure professional ethics, with ‘construction’ in this case being the profession. This study customized CMT, specific to architects in the context of Malaysia, but adopted Kohlberg’s moral levels as the platform to judge morality, instead of measuring ethical level on the basis of practicing codes of conducts in the profession. Investigating on a sample of 135 young architects around Malaysia selected through stratified random sampling, the study found some implicit interesting factors that emerged. It showed that working experience might be strongly correlated with increasing level of morality, but at young age, it might show a different direction in the curve.</p>

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