scholarly journals China and Brazil: Economic Impacts of a Growing Relationship

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhys Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
Trade And Investment

The paper analyses the economic impacts of China's re-emergence on Brazil, looking at both the direct effects of China on Brazil in terms of bilateral trade and investment flows and the indirect effects through increased competition in export markets for manufactured goods and higher world prices for primary commodities. Despite a surge in Chinese FDI in Brazil in 2010, the main driver of bilateral relations is trade. While bilateral trade has grown rapidly, the pattern that has emerged has given rise to concern because Brazil's exports are concentrated in a small number of primary products while imports from China are almost entirely of manufactured goods that are becoming more technologically sophisticated over time. Brazil has benefitted in the short term from the high prices of primary commodities (partly caused by growing Chinese demand), but has lost export markets to China in manufactures, contributing to the “primarization” of the country's export basket.

Latin American Integration and Extra-Region Cooperation. Prospects for Russia

2015 ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
D. Razumovskii
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Regional Partnership ◽  
Rising Power

Extra-regional contacts of Latin American integration unions have been actively developing over last decades. Generally it was the effect of a globalization process. Regional platforms have been created for multi-format cooperation both with separate countries and unions. The motives of inter-union cooperation are the efforts of developing countries to strengthen their bargain power and the requirement to expand export markets. The experience of such partnership between Latin America and different regions allows to define several models characterized by different mechanisms and instruments of a dialogue development (LAC–EU, LAC–US and “South–South” cooperation). There are different approaches to economic integration with extra-regional partners among Latin American unions and countries. A number of them follow open and flexible trade policy, while other establish preferential blocks with restrictions on bilateral trade negotiations. Until now Russia preferred to develop bilateral relations with its key allies in Latin America without building close ties with integration unions. But current geopolitical and economic situation encourages Russia to establish such partnership agreements with regional organizations, which are the rising power on the regional and global scene. Without it the full development of economic and political ties between both regions and their association on the international scene would be complicated. The fact that Eurasian Economic Commission recently launched the negotiations process with MERCOSUR demonstrates that Latin American unions start to be considered as prospective partners. In the future, Eurasian Economic Commission can serve as the main platform for bi-regional partnership.

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

2015 ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kadochnikov ◽  
M. Ptashkina
Keyword(s):  
Market Access ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Trade And Investment

The US and the EU are negotiating a comprehensive Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The main purposes of the agreement are to stimulate economic growth and employment, to facilitate trade and investment and raise competitiveness on both sides of the Atlantic. The US and EU are the biggest trade and investment partners for each other, as well as most important partners for a number of other countries. The Trans-Atlantic free trade agreement would not only facilitate bilateral cooperation, but has a potential to set up new, more advanced international trade and investment rules and practices. The agreement is aimed, among other point, at resolving some of the existing problems in bilateral relations, such as differences in regulatory practices, market access conditions, government procurement, intellectual property rights (IPR) and investor protection. However, some of these differences are deeply inherent in the regulatory systems and have become the reasons for numerous disputes. Despite the fact that the negotiations on TTIP are still in progress, it is already possible to identify and assess the underlying differences that would potentially hamper the creation of deep provisions in the future agreement. The paper aims at analyzing the most difficult areas of negotiations and giving predictions for the future provisions. Firstly, the paper gives an overview of the scope and structure of bilateral relations between the US and EU. Secondly, the authors give detailed analysis of the most important points of the negotiation’s agenda, making stress on the underlying differences in domestic regulation and assessing the depth of those differences. The conclusions are as follows. While some of the areas, such as tariffs, labor and environment, SMEs, state enterprises and others, are relatively easy to agree upon, as both economies are striving to achieve high standards, negotiations on other issues, such as government procurement, NTM regulation and IPR are less likely to achieve high standards.

scholarly journals How big is the influence of biogenic silicon pools on short-term changes in water-soluble silicon in soils? Implications from a study of a 10-year-old soil–plant system

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 5239-5252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Puppe ◽  
Axel Höhn ◽  
Danuta Kaczorek ◽  
Manfred Wanner ◽  
Marc Wehrhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Testate Amoeba ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Calamagrostis Epigejos ◽  
Biogenic Silicon ◽  
Future Work

Abstract. The significance of biogenic silicon (BSi) pools as a key factor for the control of Si fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems has been recognized for decades. However, while most research has been focused on phytogenic Si pools, knowledge of other BSi pools is still limited. We hypothesized that different BSi pools influence short-term changes in the water-soluble Si fraction in soils to different extents. To test our hypothesis we took plant (Calamagrostis epigejos, Phragmites australis) and soil samples in an artificial catchment in a post-mining landscape in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. We quantified phytogenic (phytoliths), protistic (diatom frustules and testate amoeba shells) and zoogenic (sponge spicules) Si pools as well as Tiron-extractable and water-soluble Si fractions in soils at the beginning (t0) and after 10 years (t10) of ecosystem development. As expected the results of Tiron extraction showed that there are no consistent changes in the amorphous Si pool at Chicken Creek (Hühnerwasser) as early as after 10 years. In contrast to t0 we found increased water-soluble Si and BSi pools at t10; thus we concluded that BSi pools are the main driver of short-term changes in water-soluble Si. However, because total BSi represents only small proportions of water-soluble Si at t0 (< 2 %) and t10 (2.8–4.3 %) we further concluded that smaller (< 5 µm) and/or fragile phytogenic Si structures have the biggest impact on short-term changes in water-soluble Si. In this context, extracted phytoliths (> 5 µm) only amounted to about 16 % of total Si contents of plant materials of C. epigejos and P. australis at t10; thus about 84 % of small-scale and/or fragile phytogenic Si is not quantified by the used phytolith extraction method. Analyses of small-scale and fragile phytogenic Si structures are urgently needed in future work as they seem to represent the biggest and most reactive Si pool in soils. Thus they are the most important drivers of Si cycling in terrestrial biogeosystems.

scholarly journals THE UNEXPLOITED POTENTIAL OF RELATIONS WITH INDONESIA, A LONG-TERM GEOSTRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (72) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Dragoș Andrei SÎRBU
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economy ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade And Investment

Trade and investment exchanges between Romania and Indonesia are almost nonexistent. However, Indonesia, the largest economy within the Association of Southeast AsianNations (ASEAN) and also a country on a gradually rise, consolidated and visible on the global stage, being considered the sixth emerging economy in the world, represents the premises for the exploitation of the special economic potential that can outline a geostrategic construction of the Romanian-Indonesian bilateral relations.Keywords: EU, Indonesia, Romania, ASEAN, trade, bilateral relations, strategic partnership

scholarly journals Taiwan — A Potential Economic Partner of South Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 2150006
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD MASUDUR RAHMAN
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Investment Agreement ◽  
Alternative Markets ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
Trade And Investment

Taiwan is a major hub of the global supply chains and one of the leading investors not only in China but also in other Southeast Asian markets. Although high trade complementary, bilateral trade between South Asia and Taiwan is only about US$ 9 billion, investment has only picked up recently. The computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis indicates a substantial economic benefit of bilateral tariffs elimination between Taiwan and its South Asian partners. Taiwan has a substantial comparative advantage in producing high tech manufacturing goods while in South Asian’s main strength is in the resource-based agricultural and light manufacturing sector. Taiwan has been maintained a liberalized trade regime with minimal import tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTM) over the decades. As South Asia is booming, and Taiwan is seeking alternative markets and investments opportunities, it is time to deepen a bilateral economic relationship. South Asia is a market of 1.5 billion people with an emerging middle class along with substantial cheaper labor forces, made an ideal place for investment. A comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA) with a preferential trade and investment agreement would be useful to attract Taiwanese multinationals and seamless trade between South Asia and Taiwan.

scholarly journals Possible Traffic Safety Effects of the Implementation of Section Control in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-323
Author(s):  
Zsolt Sándor
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Implementation Cost ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environmental Loads

This article presents the anticipated safety effects of the implantation of section control in Hungary. The proposed results were originated from international studies and the local circumstances. Effects are depending on the control coverage and the magnitude of the sanctions. Direct (short term benefits) and indirect effects (long term benefits) can be identified. Direct effects are the decreasing of accident numbers, while indirect effects are the decrease of other externalities of transport like environmental loads. Based on the results the implementation cost of the enforcement system is measureable with the proposed social cost savings come from the decreasing number of accidents.

scholarly journals Sudan-Ukrainian Relations: Vivid and Fruitful Encounter

2018 ◽  
pp. 434-437
Author(s):  
Mohamed Eisa Ismail Dahab
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Agriculture Education ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Mutual Interest ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Trade And Investment

The article by Mohamed Eisa Ismail Dahab, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of the Sudan to Ukraine, is dedicated to the relations between the Sudan and Ukraine. A positive momentum in the bilateral relations of the two countries has been evidenced by the establishment of the Embassy of the Sudan in Ukraine. Since then, both parties have sought to deepen and strengthen cooperation in various fields of mutual interest. The establishment of the Embassy of the Sudan in Kyiv at the ambassadorial level was a crescendo of friendly relations and a display of mutual will and sincere desire to strengthen relations further for the sake of the two nations. The Sudan also provides support to Ukraine on the international arena. Two states defend similar positions in the UN. Ukraine and the Sudan intend to accelerate the speed of bilateral relations and contribute to joint political and economic arrangements, share draft agreements and memoranda of understanding to conclude various contracts on trade and investment, agriculture, education and science, technologies, and other spheres of collaboration for the prosperity and welfare of the two nations. The author puts an emphasis on the importance of economic cooperation. The Sudan imports from Ukraine and spends many billions for various goods and raw materials. Ukraine is a partner in supplying wheat grain and flour, oil and seeds of oil plants, and various commodity goods. The Ambassador of the Sudan expresses his gratitude for strong determination of Ukrainian government to contribute to further development and strengthening of relations between Ukraine and the Sudan in different domains. He hopes the states will do their best for permanent cooperation, coordination and friendship. Keywords: trade, investment, the Sudan, Ukraine, economic arrangements, agriculture, bilateral relations.

Responses of lizards to three experiments fires in the savanna forests of Kakadu National Park

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Trainor ◽  
JCZ Woinarski
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Savanna Communities ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Term Response

A species-rich lizard community responded variably to a range of experimental fire regimes in a tropical savanna. Heteronotia binoei was the only lizard species that showed a short-term response to fire, decreasing in abundance directly after the early- and late-burns. H. binoei and Diporiphora bilineata were significantly more abundant in early-burn treatments. Carlia amax was more abundant in unburnt and early-burn treatments. C. munda was more abundant in unburnt and early-burn sites. Differences in the relative abundance of species between treatments is attributed to site differences in vegetation structure, and fire-induced changes to the structure of habitat. Early-burn sites were significantly richer in lizard species (P< 0.05); however, overall lizard abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) 1 and DCA 2 scores were not significantly different, suggesting that habitat partitioning has a stronger influence than the direct effects of fire. Many lizards were associated with a direct gradient of moisture availability, including a seepage assemblage, with Carlia gracilis and Sphenomorphus darwiniensis correlated with increased moisture, a well-developed canopy and abundant leaf litter. An assemblage associated with the drier end of the gradient included Carlia triacantha, Ctenotus kurnbudj, Diporiphora magna and D. bilineata. The lizard composition of most quadrats was intermediate along the moisture gradient and was associated with typical eucalypt savanna communities. Lizard species that largely are restricted to the moist seepage zones may be particularly sensitive to late dry-season fires which alter this habitat type.

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