scholarly journals Is Meta-Accuracy Consistent Across Levels of Acquaintanceship?

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110181
Author(s):  
Norhan Elsaadawy ◽  
Erika N. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Major Implication ◽  
Consistent Tendency

Some people tend to be especially accurate about the personality impressions they make, but is meta-accuracy a consistent tendency that spans levels of acquaintanceship, or is it only observed within levels of acquaintanceship? Three studies suggested that meta-accuracy is consistent among close others but not across new acquaintances and close others. This pattern was observed for observable and unobservable traits and when accounting for people who made more consistent impressions on others (i.e., high consensus). Overall, meta-accuracy seems to be circumscribed within levels of acquaintanceship. The major implication of these results is that the mechanisms for meta-accuracy and the attributes of good meta-perceivers likely differ across levels of acquaintanceship.

Rethinking the notion of the high-performing education system: A Daoist response

2021 ◽  
pp. 174549992098369
Author(s):  
Charlene Tan
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Mutual Learning ◽  
System A ◽  
High Performers ◽  
Major Implication

This article challenges the dominant notion of the ‘high-performing education system’ and offers an alternative interpretation from a Daoist perspective. The paper highlights two salient characteristics of such a system: its ability to outperform other education systems in international large-scale assessments; and its status as a positive or negative ‘reference society’. It is contended that external standards are applied and imposed on educational systems across the globe, judging a system to be high- or low- performing, and consequently worthy of emulation or deserving of criticism. Three cardinal Daoist principles that are drawn from the Zhuangzi are expounded: a rejection of an external and oppressive dao (way); the emptying of one’s heart-mind; and an ethics of difference. A major implication is a celebration of a plurality of high performers and reference societies, each unique in its own dao but converging on mutual learning and appreciation.

Speakers' Overestimation of Their Effectiveness

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boaz Keysar ◽  
Anne S. Henly
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Successful Communication ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Natural Conversation ◽  
Consistent Tendency

Successful communication depends in part on an ability to anticipate miscommunication. We investigated speakers' ability to gauge their addressees' understanding. Participants in our experiments were asked to say ambiguous sentences while attempting to convey a specific intention to their addressee. When they estimated the addressee's understanding of the intended meaning, they showed a consistent tendency to overestimate their effectiveness. They expected the addressee to understand more often than the addressee actually did. In contrast, overhearers who were informed about the speakers' intention did not systematically overestimate the speakers' effectiveness. Our findings suggest that when speakers monitor their own utterances, they do not act as unbiased observers. Instead, they underestimate the ambiguity of their own utterances and overestimate the extent to which their disambiguating cues make their intention transparent. Such overestimation could be a systematic source of miscommunication in natural conversation, and should be accounted for by any theory of language production.

scholarly journals Empirical studies of collaborative information seeking: a review of methodological issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Hertzum ◽  
Preben Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Collaborative Information Seeking ◽  
Study Setting

Purpose Information seeking is often performed in collaborative contexts. The research into such collaborative information seeking (CIS) has been proceeding since the 1990s but lacks methodological discussions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss methodological issues in existing CIS studies. Design/methodology/approach The authors systematically review 69 empirical CIS studies. Findings The review shows that the most common methods of data collection are lab experiments (43 percent), observation (19 percent) and surveys (16 percent), that the most common methods of data analysis are description (33 percent), statistical testing (29 percent) and content analysis (19 percent) and that CIS studies involve a fairly even mix of novice, intermediate and specialist participants. However, the authors also find that CIS research is dominated by exploratory studies, leaves it largely unexplored in what ways the findings of a study may be specific to the particular study setting, appears to assign primacy to precision at the expense of generalizability, struggles with investigating how CIS activities extend over time and provides data about behavior to a larger extent than about reasons, experiences and especially outcomes. Research limitations/implications The major implication of this review is its identification of the need for a shared model to which individual CIS studies can contribute in a cumulative manner. To support the development of such a model, the authors discuss a model of the core CIS process and a model of the factors that trigger CIS. Originality/value This study assesses the current state of CIS research, provides guidance for future CIS studies and aims to inspire further methodological discussion.

scholarly journals Resource use efficiency of maize production with and without irrigation system in Kaski, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-295
Author(s):  
Kapil Khanal ◽  
Kalika Bahadur Adhikari ◽  
Shiva Chandra Dhakal ◽  
Santosh Marahatta
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Resource Use Efficiency ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Use Efficiency

The study examined the resource use efficiency of maize production in rainfed and irrigated conditions in Kaski, Nepal. It focused specially on the production function of maize, resource use efficiency and socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers. A well-structured interview schedule was used in this study. Out of the 368 households interviewed, 165 farmers cultivated maize and a total of 157 farmers (59 from irrigated and 98 from rainfed) provided useful data. The data analysis was done by using Microsoft excel and SPSS. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to determine the resource use efficiency of maize production.  Compared to rainfed system, maize productivity in irrigated system was higher despite the use of fewer input implying irrigation. Increase in seed use by 10% increased the yield by 1.9% in case of rainfed system and 0.05% in case of the irrigated system. The major implication for the study is that farmers should make proper utilization of their resources to achieve higher level of resource use efficiency.

scholarly journals Leadership Styles, Promotion Opportunities, and Salary as Correlates of Turnover Intentions among Librarians in Nigerian University Libraries

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Afebuameh James Aiyebelehin ◽  
Rosemary Odiachi ◽  
Blessing Omoregie
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Academic Libraries ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Information Service ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Nigerian University

The study investigated leadership styles, promotion opportunities, and salary as correlates of turnover intention among librarians in Nigerian academic libraries. It applied the correlational survey design, and data was gathered with a questionnaire. The entire 115 librarians in three (3) universities in South-South, Nigeria formed the population of this study. The data was analyzed with mean and Pearson Moment Correlation (2-tailed). The findings show that the turnover intention of the librarians was high; leadership, promotion opportunities, and salary positively correlate with the turnover intention. The major implication of the findings of the study is that the issue of leadership style, promotion, and salary should be carefully planned by the management of the library, otherwise, the librarians will leave the library whenever the opportunity shows up. These findings provide new data for planning the management of library staff to achieve effective information service in the library.

scholarly journals Discount and premium awards in the context of pre-existing ESOP conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-67
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Rosser ◽  
Jean M. Canil
Keyword(s):  
Stock Option ◽  
Shareholder Wealth ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
Executive Stock Option ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Incentive Problems ◽  
The Cost

This study examines interactions between pre-award ESOP restrictive conditions and award discounts/premiums that characterized executive stock option awards in Australia from the mid-1980s to 2000. Shareholder wealth effects at award suggest that (i) shareholders generally do not gain from offering discounts because associated value increments do not exceed the cost of the discount, (ii) premium awards coupled with exercise restrictions appear to be used to ameliorate the risk of CEO opportunism associated with irregular awards, and (iii) shareholders suffer a wealth decrement when premium awards are used to ameliorate the disinvestment incentive of inferior CEO dilution protection. The second of these findings implies risk of CEO opportunism. A major implication is that award discounts/premiums are used to modify the conditions of pre-existing ESOPs that presumably are dated and no longer optimal for addressing current incentive problems. Analyses of the optimality of award discounts/premiums should take this into account.

scholarly journals Market Integration and Causality: An Application to the Major Apple Markets in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa S
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Response ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Impulse Response Function ◽  
Price Transmission ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
The Government

Market integration and prices of fruit crops such as apple play an important role in determining the production decisions of apple farmers. In this context, the present study examines the degree of spatial market integration and price transmission across five major apple markets of the country, viz. Shimla, Chandigarh, Delhi, Bengaluru and Mumbai by adopting Johansen’s Cointegration Test, Grangers Causality and Impulse Response Function. The outcomes of the study strongly buttress the cointegration and interdependence of the apple markets in India. To get additional information on whether and in which direction price transmission is occurring between market pairs, Ganger’s Causality Test has been used, which has confirmed Shimla to be the price determining market as it has causal relations with all the selected markets. The Impulse Response Function supported that all the selected markets responded well to standard deviation shock given to any other market. The major implication of the study is further improvement in market integration situation through dissemination of price and arrival data efficiently and developing communication means with in the markets by the government.

scholarly journals Modeling Uncertainty-Seeking Behavior Mediated by Cholinergic Influence on Dopamine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwen Belkaid ◽  
Jeffrey L. Krichmar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Dopaminergic Activity ◽  
Integrate And Fire ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Seeking Behavior

AbstractRecent findings suggest that acetylcholine mediates uncertainty-seeking behaviors through its projection to dopamine neurons – another neuromodulatory system known for its major implication in reinforcement learning and decision-making. In this paper, we propose a leaky-integrate-and-fire model of this mechanism. It implements a softmax-like selection with an uncertainty bonus by a cholinergic drive to dopaminergic neurons, which in turn influence synaptic currents of downstream neurons. The model is able to reproduce experimental data in two decision-making tasks. It also predicts that i) in the absence of cholinergic input, dopaminergic activity would not correlate with uncertainty, and that ii) the adaptive advantage brought by the implemented uncertainty-seeking mechanism is most useful when sources of reward are not highly uncertain. Moreover, this modeling work allows us to propose novel experiments which might shed new light on the role of acetylcholine in both random and directed exploration. Overall, this study thus contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the roles of the cholinergic system and its involvement in decision-making in particular.

Analysis of Breslow Tumor Thickness Distribution of Skin Melanoma in the Italian Region of Romagna, 1986–1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 416-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignazio Stanganelli ◽  
Antonio Ascari Raccagni ◽  
Laura Baldassari ◽  
Donato Calista ◽  
Monica Serafini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Skin Melanoma ◽  
Italian Region ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Southern European Countries

Aims and Background In southern European countries, the availability of epidemiologic data on cutaneous malignant melanoma is limited. A descriptive analysis was performed on melanoma cases diagnosed in the Italian region of Romagna (population 600,000), 1986-91. Methods The main end point was the proportion of cases less than 1.5 mm thick by sex, age, and site. Results A total of 297 incident cases was evaluated. The average annual age-standardized (World) incidence rates were 6.2 (95% CI 5.2–7.2) per 100,000 females and 4.5 (95% CI 3.6–5.3) per 100,000 males. Females presented with significantly thinner melanomas than males. The proportion of cases less than 1.5 mm thick decreased significantly with increasing age in both sexes, with the most pronounced decrease (approximately from 2/3 to 1/3) being observed above 60 years for females and above 40 for males. Comparing sexes by 10-year age groups, a significant F:M advantage in thickness distribution was found only at age 40–49 and 50–59 years. Among females under 60, melanomas of the legs and those of the trunk showed no difference in thickness distribution, in both sexes, incidence appeared to increase progressively with age. No apparent elevation in incidence rates was observed in the age groups with the highest frequency of thin melanomas. Conclusions The major implication of these data is that in public education programs specific messages should be aimed at those subgroups that show the poorest levels of self-surveillance.

Performance of Humans in Concurrent Variable-Ratio Variable-Ratio Schedules of Monetary Reinforcement

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shah ◽  
C. M. Bradshaw ◽  
E. Szabadi
Keyword(s):  
Variable Ratio ◽  
Probability Matching ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Monetary Reinforcement ◽  
Consistent Tendency

Four women pressed a button in five two-component concurrent variable-ratio variable-ratio ( conc VR VR) schedules of monetary reinforcement. There was no consistent tendency towards “probability matching” (distribution of responses between the two components in proportion to the relative probabilities of reinforcement); three of the four subjects showed exclusive preference for the schedule associated with the higher probability of reinforcement. These results are similar to results previously obtained with pigeons and rats in concurrent VR VR schedules.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document