scholarly journals The Mechanism of the Ordinal Position Effect: Stability Across Sense Modalities and the Hands Crossed Context

i-Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204166951984107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangqiang Wang ◽  
Tingting Nie ◽  
Weixia Zhang ◽  
Wendian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Position Effect ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Sense Modality ◽  
Relevant Task ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sense Modalities

The ordinal position effect posits that items positioned earlier in an ordinal sequence are responded to faster with the left key than the right key, and items positioned later in an ordinal sequence are responded to faster with the right key than the left key. Although the mechanism of the ordinal position effect has been investigated in many studies, it is unclear whether the ordinal position effect can extend to the auditory modality and the hands crossed context. Therefore, the present study employed days as the order information to investigate this question. Days were visually or acoustically displayed on a screen in random order, and participants were instructed to judge whether the probe day they perceived was before or after the current day (days-relevant task) or to identify the color or voice of the probe day they perceived (days-irrelevant task). The results indicate the following: (a) The days before the current day were responded to faster with the left key than the right key, and the days after the current day were responded to faster with the right key than the left key, both when the days-relevant task and the days-irrelevant task were performed, regardless of the sense modality. (b) The ordinal position effect for judgments of days was also obtained in the auditory modality even when the hands were crossed. These results indicate that the ordinal position effect can extend to the auditory modality and the hands crossed context, similar to the spatial-numerical association of response codes effect of numbers.

scholarly journals The metaphoric nature of the ordinal position effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 2121-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Zhou ◽  
Hanxi Zhong ◽  
Wenshan Dong ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Tom Verguts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bottom To Top ◽  
Different Sources

Serial orders are thought to be spatially represented in working memory: The beginning items in the memorised sequence are associated with the left side of space and the ending items are associated with the right side of space. However, the origin of this ordinal position effect has remained unclear. It was suggested that the direction of serial order–space interaction is related to the reading/writing experience. An alternative hypothesis is that it originates from the “more is right”/“more is up” spatial metaphors we use in daily life. We can adjudicate between the two viewpoints in Chinese readers; they read left-to-right but also have a culturally ancient top-to-bottom reading/writing direction. Thus, the reading/writing viewpoint predicts no or a top-to-bottom effect in serial order–space interaction; whereas the spatial metaphor theory predicts a clear bottom-to-top effect. We designed four experiments to investigate this issue. First, we found a left-to-right ordinal position effect, replicating results obtained in Western populations. However, the vertical ordinal position effect was in the bottom-to-top direction; moreover, it was modulated by hand position (e.g., left hand bottom or up). We suggest that order–space interactions may originate from different sources and are driven by metaphoric comprehension, which itself may ground cognitive processing.

scholarly journals The metaphoric nature of the ordinal position effect

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Zhou ◽  
Hanxi Zhong ◽  
Dong Wenshan ◽  
Li Min ◽  
Tom Verguts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Writing Theory ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bottom To Top ◽  
Chinese Subjects

Serial orders are thought to be spatially represented in working memory: The beginning items in the memorized sequence are associated with the left side of space and the ending items associated with the right side of space. However, the origin of this ordinal position effect has remained unclear. It was suggested (Guida, et al., 2018) that the reading / writing experience shapes the direction of serial order-space interaction. An alternative hypothesis is that it originates from the “more is right” / “more is up” spatial metaphors we use in daily life (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003). We can adjudicate between the two theories in Chinese subjects; they read left-to-right, but also have a culturally ancient top-to-bottom reading / writing direction. Thus, the reading / writing theory predicts no or a top-to-bottom effect in serial order-space interaction; whereas the spatial metaphor theory predicts a clear bottom-to-top effect. We designed three experiments to investigate this issue. First, we found a left-to-right ordinal position effect, replicating results obtained in Western populations. However we observed a vertical ordinal position effect in a bottom-to-top direction, which was itself modulated by (left / right) hand positions. We suggest that order-space interactions are a case of metaphoric comprehension, which itself may ground cognitive processing.

scholarly journals The effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on low-frequency activity and functional connectivity in the brain of adults with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1141-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte M Pretzsch ◽  
Bogdan Voinescu ◽  
Maria A Mendez ◽  
Robert Wichers ◽  
Laura Ajram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Drug Challenge ◽  
The Right ◽  
Post Hoc

Background: The potential benefits of cannabis and its major non-intoxicating component cannabidiol (CBD) are attracting attention, including as a potential treatment in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the neural action of CBD, and its relevance to ASD, remains unclear. We and others have previously shown that response to drug challenge can be measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), but that pharmacological responsivity is atypical in ASD. Aims: We hypothesized that there would be a (different) fMRI response to CBD in ASD. Methods: To test this, task-free fMRI was acquired in 34 healthy men (half with ASD) following oral administration of 600 mg CBD or matched placebo (random order; double-blind administration). The ‘fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations’ (fALFF) was measured across the whole brain, and, where CBD significantly altered fALFF, we tested if functional connectivity (FC) of those regions was also affected by CBD. Results: CBD significantly increased fALFF in the cerebellar vermis and the right fusiform gyrus. However, post-hoc within-group analyses revealed that this effect was primarily driven by the ASD group, with no significant change in controls. Within the ASD group only, CBD also significantly altered vermal FC with several of its subcortical (striatal) and cortical targets, but did not affect fusiform FC with other regions in either group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that, especially in ASD, CBD alters regional fALFF and FC in/between regions consistently implicated in ASD. Future studies should examine if this affects the complex behaviours these regions modulate.

Patterns of excitability in human esophageal sensorimotor cortex to painful and nonpainful visceral stimulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (2) ◽  
pp. G332-G337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaheen Hamdy ◽  
John C. Rothwell ◽  
Chris Fraser ◽  
Maxine Power ◽  
David Gow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Balloon Distension ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stimulation Of

To better understand the relationship between cortical plasticity and visceral pain, we developed a pain-induced model of altered esophageal corticobulbar excitability. In eight healthy volunteers, corticoesophageal electromyographic responses were recorded via an intraluminal catheter, following magnetic stimulation of the right sensorimotor cortex using perithreshold intensities. Corticothenar responses were used as control. Responses were assessed both before and for up to 1 h after either painful or nonpainful balloon distension of the esophagus (frequency = 1 Hz, dwell time = 200 ms, duration = 10 min), each being delivered to each subject in random order. Painful esophageal distension (mean volume = 11 ± 3 ml) induced a profound increase in esophageal responses compared with baseline levels (at 30 min: 141 ± 12 vs. 101 ± 9 μV, P < 0.01), whereas nonpainful esophageal distension (mean volume = 4 ± 2 ml) showed a decrease (at 30 min: 72 ± 8 vs. 88 ± 12 μV, P < 0.03). Thenar responses were unaffected. The results show that painful and nonpainful stimuli induce different patterns of esophageal corticobulbar excitability, suggesting a physiological link between cortical plasticity and visceral pain.

scholarly journals The spatial coding mechanism of ordinal symbols: a study based on the ordinal position effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 1051-1062
Author(s):  
Wendian Shi ◽  
Qiangqiang Wang ◽  
Fangfang Zhao ◽  
Xudong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Position Effect ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Spatial Coding

scholarly journals Novel treatments for expressive aprosodia: A phase I investigation of cognitive linguistic and imitative interventions

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 786-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. ROSENBEK ◽  
GREGORY P. CRUCIAN ◽  
SUSAN A. LEON ◽  
BETHANY HIEBER ◽  
AMY D. RODRIGUEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Emotional Communication ◽  
Emotional Prosody ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
The Right

This study investigated two mechanism-based treatments for expressive aprosodia, a disturbance in emotional prosody thought to be governed by the right hemisphere. The 3 participants all suffered right CVA's resulting in expressive aprosodia. Presence of expressive aprosodia was determined by performance on two batteries of emotional communication. A single subject ABAC design was employed in which two treatments, one imitative and one cognitive linguistic, were assigned in random order. All participants in this study were randomly assigned to begin with the cognitive linguistic treatment. Probes of treated and untreated emotions were completed during baseline and therapy phases. Probe items were judged by a reliable, trained rater blind to time of testing. Visual and statistical analyses were completed. These analyses confirmed that both treatments were active. For example, effect size calculations confirmed modest to substantial treatment effects for both treatments in all 3 patients. Replication to increase confidence about treatment effect and enhance understanding of the neuromechanisms underlying aprosodia is underway. (JINS, 2004, 10, 786–793.)

Lack of Correlations of Sense-Modality-Oriented Indices of Learning Styles with Each other and with Classroom Tasks

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alida S. Westman ◽  
Gina R. Alliston ◽  
Emily A. Theriault
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Group Presentation ◽  
Sense Modality ◽  
Task Requirements ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Sense Modalities

Four indices used to measure 36 students' preferred sense modality did not correlate well with each other or with classroom tasks such as recalling visual and auditory information from a videotape, imaging ability, problem solving, etc. Three were paper-and-pencil indices for group presentation (Fleming and Mills' test, Kirby, Moore, and Schofield's index, and Westman's index), and one required individual testing (Swassing-Barbe Modality Index). Students indicated that their analyses of task requirements rather than their preferences for sense modality determined the use of their sense modalities.

scholarly journals Influence of Lenslet Configuration on Short-Term Visual Performance in Myopia Control Spectacle Lenses

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Li ◽  
Chenglu Ding ◽  
Yuhao Li ◽  
Ee Woon Lim ◽  
Yi Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Full Correction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Myopia Control

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate short-term visual performance and optical quality of three different lenslet configurations on myopia control spectacle lenses.Materials and Methods: This study utilized a cross-over design. Distance visual acuity (VA) was measured in 50 myopic children; contrast sensitivity (CS) was measured in 36 myopic children. For each test, four spectacle lenses were evaluated in a random order: single-vision lens (SVL), lens with concentric rings of highly aspherical lenslets (HAL), lens with concentric rings of slightly aspherical lenslets (SAL), and lens with honeycomb configuration of spherical lenslets (HC). The modulation transfer function (MTF) and MTF area (MTFa) were used to determine optical quality. All tests were performed monocularly on the right eye with full correction.Results: HAL and SAL had larger MTFa than HC. VA in lenses with lenslets was significantly reduced compared to SVL (all p &lt; 0.01). The reduction in VA was worse with HC than with SAL (p = 0.02) and HAL (p = 0.03); no effect of lenslet asphericity was found (p &gt; 0.05). VA changes induced by lenslets showed no correlation with spherical equivalent refraction (all p &gt; 0.05) and were weakly positively associated with age for SAL (r = 0.36, p = 0.01) and HC (r = 0.31, p = 0.03), but not for HAL (p = 0.30). The area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) decreased with HAL and HC (all p &lt; 0.001) in all illumination levels, and AULCSF with HAL was higher than that with HC in a photopic condition (1.17 ± 0.10 vs. 1.10 ± 0.13, p = 0.0004). The presence of lenslets did not affect CS at 3 cycles per degree (cpd) (p = 0.80). At 6 to 18 cpd, CS was significantly reduced by HAL and HC (all p &lt; 0.05), but not SAL (p &gt; 0.05) compared to SVL. At high spatial frequencies (&gt;12 cpd) both SAL and HAL reduced CS significantly less than HC (all p &lt; 0.01).Conclusion: Short-term visual performance was minimally impaired by looking through the lenslet structure of myopia control spectacle lenses. Concentric rings with aspherical lenslets had a significantly lower impact on both VA and CS than honeycomb configuration with spherical lenslets.

Art Media and the Sense Modalities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic McIver Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Blind People ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Sense Modality ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Sense Modalities

According to a core doctrine in aesthetics, the arts comprise a collection of art media, each characteristically perceived through a different sense modality. This doctrine depends on a doctrine in the theory of perception according to which it is possible to distinguish the senses in certain ways. Thus the view that pictures are essentially visual depends on the view that the content of vision is uniquely perspectival; pictures are visual because they are perspectival. However, raised-line drawings made by congenitally blind people cast both views in doubt. The chapter considers the implications of this conclusion for aesthetics and for theories of vision.

Matched pairs in independent Poisson processes

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 780-793
Author(s):  
David Oakes
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Busy Period ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Poisson Processes ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Matching Process ◽  
The Right ◽  
Matched Samples ◽  
Typical Point ◽  
Interval Distribution

Given two independent Poisson processes 𝒜 and ℬ with rates respectively α and β (α < β) we match each point of 𝒜 with the closest point of ℬ that has not already been matched. The points of 𝒜 are taken in random order. It is shown that the point process of unmatched points of ℬ is a renewal process with the same interval distribution as the busy period of an M/M/1 queue. The distribution and moments of the distance between a typical point of 𝒜 and the corresponding matched point of ℬ are obtained. Variants of the matching process in which the assigned point of ℬ must lie to the right of the point of 𝒜, and in which the matching distance must be less than a fixed tolerance are studied. The use of matched samples to control for bias in observational studies is discussed.

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