Enhancing Stratigraphic Framework Consistency Using Spectral Gamma-Ray Data

Stratigraphic correlation is crucial for reservoir characterization; therefore, it requires more advanced methods and techniques to reduce the stratigraphic correlation uncertainty, especially when variation in lateral facies is high. The studied formations from bottom to top consist of fluvial to marginal marine X Formation, shallow marine Y Formation, and fluvial distributary channels to estuarine Z Formation. Spectral gamma-ray logs give additional consistent information on lithological composition that can support identification of boundary between formations within the stratigraphic framework. Wells with a full section of Y Formation, core, palynology, and spectral gamma-ray were selected as key wells. The top and base of the Y Formation were picked using conventional logs refined by a thorium/potassium (Th/K) ratio log and cross plot with core and palynology data as validations. The internal Y Formation markers were also picked with the aid of the Th/K cross plots. The top picking criteria from the key wells was implemented to the rest of the wells across the field with consistency. The uniform low Th/K ratio log (<3.5) across the Y Formation indicates illite as the dominant clay type, confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) data with an average of more than 80%. The character is consistent with the interpreted depositional environment. This character makes the Y Formation stand out from the overlying Z and the underlying X formations. The change from X to Y Formation is defined by the decrease of the Th/K ratio log, from high kaolinite content to illite dominated environment. Inversely, the top of the Y Formation (base of Z) is indicated by the increase of the Th/K ratio log moving from shallow marine Y Formation to the fluvial-influenced Z Formation. The Th/K cross plot indicates different clusters amongst the studied formations and the internal Y zonation. The X Formation is located in the high Th and low K area where kaolinite is predominant, related to fluvial environment. The case is similar for the Z Formation but with more influence of mixed-clay type. The Y Formation shows clear clustering along the mixed-clay and illite window. Internal Y zonation displays, from bottom to top, an increasing K value within the clusters. This method provides a semi-quantitative interpretation to define the studied formations boundaries and the Y Formation internal zonation. This study has increased the consistency of the studied formations’ stratigraphic and structural framework. This consistency has, in turn, fine-tuned the structural framework and aided field development through better geosteering and lateral well placements. These results are a valuable starting point to refine and extend the work to other areas.

Geochemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Garnierite From the Morowali Ni-Laterite Deposit in Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Morowali Ni-laterite deposit is located in the East Sulawesi Ophiolite, which is a large ophiolite belt on Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. The Morowali deposit is developed on a laterite profile due to ophiolite weathering, with saprolite, limonite, and ferruginous cap horizons from the bottom to top. Based on the occurrence of garnierite as the main ore, occurring in the saprolite horizon, it can be classified that the ore deposit is hydrous Mg silicate-type. The Ni ore is classified into different types based on color and XRD and electron probe micro-analyzer analyses. Whole-rock geochemical study was also conducted to understand the mineralization process. The Morowali Ni deposit consists of serpentine-like and talc-like phases. The serpentine-like phase consists of Ni-lizardite and karpinskite (0.76–38.26 wt% NiO) while the talc-like phase is mainly composed of kerolite (4.02–8.02 wt% NiO). The serpentine-like garnierite exhibits high Ni and Fe contents and occurrence similar to that of the serpentine observed in the saprolite horizon, suggesting the serpentine-like garnierite originated from the bedrock, and Mg-Ni cation exchange occurred during laterization. Contrastingly, the lower Fe content of the talc-like phase (0.01–0.05 wt%) than the serpentine-like phase (0.14–7.03 wt%) indicates that the talc-like garnierite is of secondary origin since Fe is immobile during weathering. The Morowali Ni-laterite deposit was mainly formed during laterization. The repetition of dry and wet cycles in each year results in the formation of secondary garnierite.

Fully developed anelastic convection with no-slip boundaries

Anelastic convection at high Rayleigh number in a plane parallel layer with no slip boundaries is considered. Energy and entropy balance equations are derived, and they are used to develop scaling laws for the heat transport and the Reynolds number. The appearance of an entropy structure consisting of a well-mixed uniform interior, bounded by thin layers with entropy jumps across them, makes it possible to derive explicit forms for these scaling laws. These are given in terms of the Rayleigh number, the Prandtl number and the bottom to top temperature ratio, which also measures how much the density varies across the layer. The top and bottom boundary layers are examined and they are found to be very different, unlike in the Boussinesq case. Elucidating the structure of these boundary layers plays a crucial part in determining the scaling laws. Physical arguments governing these boundary layers are presented, concentrating on the case in which the boundary layers are so thin that temperature and density vary little across them, even though there may be substantial temperature and density variations across the whole layer. Different scaling laws are found, depending on whether the viscous dissipation is primarily in the boundary layers or in the bulk. The cases of both high and low Prandtl number are considered. Numerical simulations of no-slip anelastic convection up to a Rayleigh number of $10^7$ have been performed and our theoretical predictions are compared with the numerical results.

How to Improve the Market Penetration of New Energy Vehicles in China: An Agent-Based Model with a Three-Level Variables Structure

This paper develops an agent-based model with linking variables (ABML) to investigate the influencing factors for the new energy vehicles (NEVs) market in China. The ABML is a framework with three-level variables including micro, linking, and macro variables, which can reduce the complexity of the simulation. The emergence from bottom to top occurs between linking and macro variables, while the best–worst scaling describes the mapping between micro and linking variables. In the case study, Rookie, Veteran, and New Generation consumers are assumed as the three types of consumers in China’s market. A specification of the three types of variables is presented, where the value of linking variables obeys uniform distribution. By introducing the population density and the interaction frequency, the number of agents is determined with an experiment. All parameters in the model are estimated by calibrating the realistic vehicle sales. We compare different scenarios and obtain some management insights for improving the market penetration of NEVs in China.

EXPRESS: The vertical space-time association

The space-time interaction suggests a left-to-right directionality in the mind’s representation of elapsing time. However, studies showing a possible vertical time representation are scarce and contradictory. In Experiment 1, 32 participants had to judge the duration (200, 300, 500 or 600 milliseconds) of the target stimulus that appeared at the top, centre, or bottom of the screen, compared to a reference stimulus (400 milliseconds) always appeared in the centre of the screen. In Experiment 2, 32 participants were administered with the same procedure, but the reference stimulus appeared at the top, centre, or bottom of the screen and the target stimulus was fixed in the centre location. In both experiments, a space-time interaction was found with an association between short durations and bottom response key as well as between long durations and top key. The evidence of a vertical mental timeline was further confirmed by the distance effect with a lower level of performance for durations close to that of the reference stimulus. The results suggest a bottom-to-top mapping of time representation, more in line with the metaphor “more is up”.

Study of Temperature Profile of the Solar Pyramid Dryer

The experiment was conducted at ‘Energy Park’, Department of Electrical and Other Energy Sources CAET, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krushi vidyapeeth Dapoli, Dapoli. The readings of temperature inside the dryer has been taken from 9:00 AM TO 5:00 PM with interval of thirty minute. It is recorded that maximum temperature inside the solar pyramid dryer was at 12:00 noon that is 55.5 0C and corresponding solar radiations where 552 W/m2.After analysing the temperature pattern from the graphs we can say that the temperature of air inside the dryer at various places varies such that, temperature of air at bottom of dryer was minimum, and it goes on increasing as the air moves from bottom to top of the solar pyramid dryer. Subsequently the maximum temperature found at the exhaust of the solar dryer. The average drying temperature is found to be suitable for drying of fruits and vegetables.

Automatic Reconstruction of Building Façade Model from Photogrammetric Mesh Model

Three-dimensional (3D) building façade model reconstruction is of great significance in urban applications and real-world visualization. This paper presents a newly developed method for automatically generating a 3D regular building façade model from the photogrammetric mesh model. To this end, the contour is tracked on irregular triangulation, and then the local contour tree method based on the topological relationship is employed to represent the topological structure of the photogrammetric mesh model. Subsequently, the segmented contour groups are found by analyzing the topological relationship of the contours, and the original mesh model is divided into various components from bottom to top through the iteration process. After that, each component is iteratively and robustly abstracted into cuboids. Finally, the parameters of each cuboid are adjusted to be close to the original mesh model, and a lightweight polygonal mesh model is taken from the adjusted cuboid. Typical buildings and a whole scene of photogrammetric mesh models are exploited to assess the proposed method quantitatively and qualitatively. The obtained results reveal that the proposed method can derive a regular façade model from a photogrammetric mesh model with a certain accuracy.

Paleogeographic position of the central Dodecanese Islands, southeastern Greece: The push-pull of Pelagonia

The paleogeographic position of the central Dodecanese Islands at the transition between the Aegean and Anatolian plates plays a considerable role in understanding the link between both geologically unique domains. In this study, we investigate the tectonic history of the central Dodecanese Islands and the general correlation with the Aegean and western Anatolian and focus on the poorly studied islands of Kalymnos and Telendos. Three different major tectonic units were mapped on both islands from bottom to top: (1) The Kefala Unit consists of late Paleozoic, fossil-rich limestones, which have been deformed into a SE-vergent fold-and-thrust belt sealed by an up to 200-m-thick wildflysch-type olistostrome with marble and ultramafic blocks on a scale of tens of meters. (2) The Marina Basement Unit consists of a Variscan amphibolite facies basement with garnet mica schists, quartzites, and amphibolites. (3) Verrucano-type formation violet shales and Mesozoic unmetamorphosed limestones form the Marina Cover Unit. Correlation of these units with other units in the Aegean suggests that Kalymnos is paleogeographically located at the southern margin of the Pelagonian domain, and therefore it was in a structurally upper tectonic position during the Paleogene Alpine orogeny. New white mica 40Ar/39Ar ages confirm the Carboniferous deformation of the Marina Basement Unit followed by a weak Triassic thermal event. Single-grain white mica 40Ar/39Ar ages from pressure solution cleavage of the newly defined Telendos Thrust suggest that the Marina Basement Unit was thrusted toward the north on top of the Kefala Unit in the Paleocene. Located at a tectonically upper position, the units exposed in the central Dodecanese escaped subduction and the syn-orogenic, high-pressure metamorphism. However, these units were affected by post-orogenic extension, and the contact between the Marina Basement Unit and the non-metamorphic Marina Cover Unit has been reactivated by the cataclastic top-to-SSW, low-angle Kalymnos Detachment. Zircon (U-Th)/He ages from the Kefala and Marina Basement Units are ca. 30 Ma, which indicates that exhumation and cooling below the Kalymnos Detachment started in the Oligocene. Conjugate brittle high-angle normal fault systems, which resulted in the formation of four major WNW-ESE−trending graben systems on Kalymnos, localized mainly in the Marina Cover Unit and probably rooted in the mechanically linked Kalymnos Detachment. Since Oligo-Miocene deformation in the northern Dodecanese records top-to-NNE extension and the Kalymnos Detachment accommodated top-to-SSW extension, we suggest that back-arc extension in the whole Aegean realm and transition to the Anatolian plate is bivergent.

Analyse Du Remplissage Sédimentaire De La Partie Centrale Du Bassin Des Iullemmeden (Niger Central) Pendant La Période Allant Du Crétacé Supérieur Au Paléocène-Yprésien Et Transgressions Associées

L’analyse du remplissage sédimentaire du bassin des Iullemmeden pendant la période allant du Crétacé supérieur au Paléocène-Yprésien a permis de mettre en évidence une succession de 5 à 6 épisodes transgressifs. La succession verticale des faciès, identifiés pour cette période, comprend de la base au sommet : des grès calcaires et argiles à gypses, d'âge Turonien inférieur-Cénomanien supérieur mises en place pendant la transgression T1, des calcaires et argilites gypsifères, d'âge Turonien supérieur déposés au cours de la transgression T2, des calcaires et marnes sableuses, d'âge Sénonien inférieur et moyen rattachés à la transgression T3, des siltites et des argilites, d’âge maastrichtien, mises en place pendant la transgression T4 à Libycoceras ismaeli et Laffiteina bibensis et des argilo-calcaires d’âge paléocène-yprésien, associés aux transgressions T5 et T6 respectivement à Ranikothalia bermudezi et Lochkartia hamei. Néanmoins, il ressort une controverse dans la datation et le classement des différentes transgressions ainsi mise en évidence dans ce bassin des Iullemmeden. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de la présente étude est de proposer une synthèse des différentes transgressions identifiées dans ce bassin. La méthodologie mise en oeuvre est basé sur l'exploitation des données bibliographiques soutenue par des données lithostratigraphiques, paléontologiques, sédimentologiques. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que le bassin des Iullemmeden à été comblé par six ou sept transgressions marines au lieu de cinq ou six reconnues. The analysis of the sedimentary infilling of the Iullemmeden basin during the period ranging from Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene-Ypresian has revealed a succession of 5 or 6 transgressive episodes. The vertical succession of facies, identified for this period, includes from the bottom to top: calcareous sandstones and gypsum clays, of Lower Turonian-Upper Cenomanian age, deposited during the T1 transgression, gypsiferous limestones and mudstones of Upper Turonian deposited during theT2 transgression, sandy limestones and marls of Lower and Middle Senonian age related to T3 transgression, siltstones and argillites, of Maastrichtian age, deposited during the T4 transgression with Libycoceras ismaeli and Laffiteina bibensis and clay-limestones of Paleocene-Ypresian age, associated with transgressions T5 and T6 respectively with Ranikothalia bermudezi and Lochkartia hamei. Nevertheless, a controversy emerges in the dating and the classification of the various transgressions thus highlighted in this basin of the Iullemmeden. Thus, the main objective of this study is to provide a synthesis of the various transgressions identified in this basin. The methodology implemented is based on the use of bibliographic data supported by lithostratigraphic, paleontological and sedimentological data. The results of this study show that the Iullemmeden basin was infilled by six or seven marine transgressions instead of five or six recognized.