Democratization and civil society development through the perspectives of Gramsci and Tocqueville in South Korea and Japan

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-384
Author(s):  
Charmaine N Willis
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
World War I ◽  
South Korea ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Second World

The development of a country’s civil society has typically been tied to the development of democracy: a vibrant civil society is indicative of a vibrant democracy. Why, then, has civil society emerged differently in South Korea, a country that democratized fairly recently, and Japan, a country that has been democratic since the end of the Second World War? I argue the origins of democracy in both states significantly contributed to the contrasting characters of civil society. In Japan, top-down democratization facilitated the development of a civil society with a strong link to the state for the majority of the 20th century, best viewed from the perspective of Gramsci. By contrast, the bottom-up democratization process in South Korea fostered a civil society where organizations monitor the state, best understood from the Tocquevillian perspective. Through comparative case analysis, this study endeavors to contribute to the literature on civil society by highlighting the ways in which democratization influences the trajectory of civil society.

8. Judaism today

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Solomon
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Leadership ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

No religion has emerged unchanged into the 21st century. Increasing secularization of Western governments has undermined the power of religious leadership and people’s values have changed. Lots of people have abandoned organized religion. ‘Judaism today’ examines the impact of postmodernist thinking in recent times on Judaism. World Jewry has found itself at the centre of two 20th-century events that have affected it in unique ways: the trauma of the Shoah, or Holocaust, and the establishment of the State of Israel. Four areas in which Jewish thought has developed since the Second World War are considered: Zionism, Holocaust theology, God, and Feminism.

Development of the Concepts for Providing Close Air Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Hristov Manush
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe main objective of the study is to trace the perceptions of the task of an aviation component to provide direct aviation support to both ground and naval forces. Part of the study is devoted to tracing the combat experience gained during the assignment by the Bulgarian Air Force in the final combat operations against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War 1944-1945. The state of the conceptions at the present stage regarding the accomplishment of the task in conducting defensive and offensive battles and operations is also considered. Emphasis is also placed on the development of the perceptions of the task in the armies of the United States and Russia.

EDUCATING YOUNG PEOPLE IN PRESERVING THE MEMORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Davlatbek Qudratov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Military Mobilization ◽  
Second World

The article analyzes the state of schools and education in General during the Second World war. The slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" defined the goal not only of all military mobilization activities of the Soviet state, but also became the center of all organizational, ideological, cultural and educational activities of the party and state bodies of Uzbekistan.

B'nai B'rith on the European continent after World War Two

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Hans Levy
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Jewish Organization ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

The focus of this paper is on the oldest international Jewish organization founded in 1843, B’nai B’rith. The paper presents a chronicle of B’nai B’rith in Continental Europe after the Second World War and the history of the organization in Scandinavia. In the 1970's the Order of B'nai B'rith became B'nai B'rith international. B'nai B'rith worked for Jewish unity and was supportive of the state of Israel.

Development of Interethnic Relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Decades after the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. Guskova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

The article is devoted to the analysis of interethnic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the 1940s and 1960s. The article is based on materials from the archives of BiH, Croatia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The documents show the state of affairs in the Republic – both in the economy and in ideology. In one or another way, all of them reflect the level of tension in the interethnic relations. For the first time, the article presents the discussion on interethnic relations, on the new phenomenon in multinational Yugoslavia – the emergence of a new people in BiH under the name of “Muslim”. The term “Muslims” is used to define the ethnic identity of Bosniaks in the territory of BiH starting from the 1961 census.

Critical Heritage “From Below”: (E)valu(at)ing Informal War Pasts in Perak, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
pp. 120633122199769
Author(s):  
Hamzah Muzaini
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
Critical Heritage ◽  
Second World

This article concerns how heritage pertaining to the Second World War (1941–1945), as this has been made manifest in the urban environments of Perak, Malaysia, is (de)valued and (mis) assessed over multiple scales within the state. After foregrounding the biases associated with official depictions of the event, it excavates the ways informal actors have sought to overturn the collective amnesia of the state by creating heritages “in the shadows” and/or pushing for public recognition of formally occluded pasts. In doing so, the article argues for the salience of academics and policymakers alike, taking more seriously these non-state efforts, while also evidencing informal heritage-making as itself prone to limits and (not always altruistic) motives, which render their valuation as incomplete as formal efforts at remembering. More broadly, the article argues for the need to pay more attention to heritage-making “from below” in valuations of urban environments, but it cautions against treating them as more than what they are, that is, pasts as presenced by someone else.

scholarly journals Accessory and Witness - The Profession of the Lawyer under Stalin (1945–1953)

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (01) ◽  
pp. 153-182
Author(s):  
Juliette Cadiot
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Privileged Information ◽  
Mutual Assistance ◽  
Stalin Era ◽  
Intermediary Role ◽  
Second World

Drawing on research conducted in Russian and Ukrainian archives, this article explores the legal profession in the late Stalin-era USSR, with a focus on the years following the Second World War. During this period, the number of cases dealt with in the courts grew considerably, and calls to rehabilitate “socialist legality” became more pressing. It is against this backdrop that the article details the different professional aspects—social trajectories and daily practices—of the criminal lawyer's craft. It concludes that while their influence remained relatively weak and was rarely anchored in their legal capabilities, Soviet lawyers did develop economic and networking capacities that enabled them to maintain their autonomy and to fully participate in the dynamics of the Soviet society that emerged in the aftermath of the war. Despite their weak position and the purges they had suffered, lawyers found ways to gain privileged information about ongoing cases, and some of them played an intermediary role between the apparatus of repression and Soviet notables—particularly by participating in the system of bribery and clientelism. Their actions exemplified the ways that Soviets acclimatized to Stalin's dictatorship, working to bend and improve the rules and to create spaces of protection, mutual assistance, and exchange at the heart of the state and the party.

scholarly journals The War Hotel

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-116
Author(s):  
Paul Solomon
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Israeli Defense Force ◽  
Tv News ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

War frames our lives. We live, as Billy Bragg (1985) put it, “Between the Wars”; or we live during wars, or after wars; or we live in terror of the threat of war; or get passionately aroused into war. We may watch helplessly as TV news shows us events of horror and violence overseas; on 19th June this year New Zealanders watched video on TV3 News of Kiwi troops under fire in Afghanistan, recorded on a soldier’s helmet-cam. Recent events unfolded once more on TVNZ with gut-wrenching inevitability: I watched as two soldiers were killed, and four injured. The survivors probably will return home traumatised. My interest in reviewing The War Hotel was personal: my grandfather fought in the First World War, my father in the Second World War. I served in the Israeli Defense Force, 1965-1967, and soon felt appalled by Israel’s treatment of the Palestinians. Some of my Jewish extended family perished in Poland during the Shoah. All humanity is touched by war, in varying degrees of separation.

Martin Heidegger

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Trawny
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

Writing an introduction to the philosophy of Martin Heidegger after the publication of the “Black Notebooks” is a daring venture. Heidegger's statements about "world Jewry" and his political stubbornness after the Second World War seriously incriminate his thinking. How can one go about introducing the reader into this philosophy without at the same time laying the ground on which these unacceptable ideas can grow? Peter Trawny´s critical introduction is conceived as a representation precisely of the problematic aspects of Heidegger's thinking. At the same time, though, it clearly points out its extraordinary importance in the context of 20th century philosophy.

Poválečné perzekuce příslušníků armády a přijetí zákona na ochranu lidově demokratické republiky

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Řepa
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Totalitarian State

After the end of the Second World War, Czechoslovakia was a country at a crossroads. The communists tried to take control of key institutions of the state, including the army. In doing so, a number of illegalities were committed. After the coup in February 1948, this was followed by the adoption of legislation by the already totalitarian state. A striking example was Law No. 231/1948 on the Protection of the People’s Democratic Republic, adopted in October 1948. On the basis of this law, many thousands of people were convicted for alleged anti-State acts.

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