Development of Interethnic Relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Decades after the Second World War

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. Guskova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

The article is devoted to the analysis of interethnic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the 1940s and 1960s. The article is based on materials from the archives of BiH, Croatia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. The documents show the state of affairs in the Republic – both in the economy and in ideology. In one or another way, all of them reflect the level of tension in the interethnic relations. For the first time, the article presents the discussion on interethnic relations, on the new phenomenon in multinational Yugoslavia – the emergence of a new people in BiH under the name of “Muslim”. The term “Muslims” is used to define the ethnic identity of Bosniaks in the territory of BiH starting from the 1961 census.

Carpatho-Ukraine’s Defeat as a Precursor of WWII Part 2

Rusin ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136-158
Author(s):  
A.I. Kudriachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World ◽  
Significant Factors

The author emphasizes that the growing national self-identification and selfawareness of the Ukrainians, the political balance of powers at the turn of 1938– 1939 in Czechoslovakia and the international arena were significant factors in the state aspirations of the residents of the Transcarpathian region. At the same time, the processes of autonomization, formation, and liquidation of Carpatho-Ukraine were determined not only by its socio-economic position, but also by the latent diplomatic and geopolitical confrontation. The establishment of Carpatho-Ukraine was associated with the military confrontation and, for the first time, was accompanied not only by a number of military operations, but also by the massive heroism of its defenders, who opposed the invaders. According to the current definitions, all this constituted the hybrid war, which became the harbinger and real percursor of the Second World War.

scholarly journals Správní mechanismy přesunu knižních fondů v letech 1918–1954: odrazový můstek k výzkumu knižní provenience

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 4-26
Author(s):  
Marcela Sulženko ◽  
Luboš Kokeš
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Collective Guilt ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
State Administration ◽  
War Criminals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Second World

The history of Czechoslovak private libraries reflected great historical events, specifically in the change of ownership between 1918 and 1945/1954. The biggest change came after the Second World War, when the highest state officials decided to punish war criminals. In general, all Germans were labelled as enemies of the republic and were to bear collective guilt for starting the war. Their punishment included, among other things, the loss of property, which also concerned their libraries. This study focuses on the state administration dealing with such property.

We Won’t Be Bullied Anymore

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredy González
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

Chinese Mexican political and financial support in support of the Republic of China during the Second World War was motivated by a desire for ‘home’ – both the desire for peace in migrants’ home communities in Guangdong province as well as a desire for increased respect in Mexico. Activities in support of the Chinese government included monetary contributions as well as cultural activities which helped bring the community together around the country. Chinese Mexican political activities and celebrations for the first time brought them in contact with friends and neighbors in Mexico and presented an alternative image of the community.

scholarly journals School and Higher Education in Uzbekistan During the Second World War

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050
Author(s):  
Nadira Rakhmanovna Makhkamova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Second World

This article highlights the state of the system of school and higher education in Uzbekistan during the Second World War. The development of this sphere was fraught with a number of difficulties, such as a shortage of teaching staff, the mobilization of the bulk of men to the front, the problem of attracting Uzbek girls to training, a lack of suitable premises for training, the dropout of students from the senior classes of schools and etc. The article notes that, despite all the above problems, a lot has been done in the system of school and higher education in Uzbekistan, which was part of the invaluable contribution of the people of the republic to the victory over fascism.

scholarly journals DO MEMORIAL SITES FROM THE SECOND WORLD WAR POSSESS POTENTIAL FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT – EXAMPLES FROM CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2015 ◽  
pp. 130-141
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Current State ◽  
Protected Natural Areas ◽  
Memorial Sites ◽  
Second World

This paper researches memorial sites built in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in a planned manner to mark the Second World War sufferings or military operations. Most of the analysed sites were planned, designed and built following an urban-architectural competition. All of these sites were designed by the best local planners and artists of the time. Nearly all of them are located in protected natural areas (of varying degrees of protection). Depending on the significance of a particular memorial site at the time, it was planned and constructed as a memorial, educational and/or tourist centre with numerous recreational and accommodation facilities, restaurants and other facilities. This paper examines the role memorial sites played, the current state of memorial sites as a whole, the state of the natural heritage, the state of the cultural heritage, the state of buildings and infrastructure and the present possibilities for tourism development. Memorial sites from Croatia included in the analysis are: Jasenovac, Podgariš, Kalnik, Petrova Gora, Kumrovec, Brezovica, Korenica, Matiš Poljana etc. Memorial sites located in Bosnia and Herzegovina and included in the analysis are: Sutjeska, Kozara, Jablanica, Makljen, Sanski Most, Konjuh Planina, Drvar etc. Taking into consideration that planned memorial sites from the Second World War lost their political significance, the conclusion summarizes the state of memorial sites by site, country and the potential for tourism development.

scholarly journals Problems of Foreign Policy Choice of the State Center of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1939–1940

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Vasyl Yablonskyi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

The Second World War was viewed by Ukrainians abroad and in Ukraine as a potential chance to restore Ukraine’s independence. At the beginning of the war, the main political forces of the Ukrainian emigration interfered in a state of mutual confrontation. Each of them tried to attract international contacts for support. The article examines the process of finding foreign policy allies by the State Center of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile at the first stage of World War II (1939–1940). The main attention is paid to the political processes in this part of the Ukrainian emigration, the disunity and the presence of three governing centers (in France, Czechoslovakia and Poland) and the foreign policy orientations of the emigration government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. For the first time, the document”Letters from the leading circles of the UPR” is published, which attempts to justify the need for a foreign policy alliance with Germany and criticizes the “francophilism” of some figures of the State Center of the UPR in Europe and America. The hypothetical circle of emigration politicians who could be the authors of these documents and their addressees is outlined. Attention is drawn to the fact that the conclusion of foreign policy agreements with Germany in the interwar period was a well-established practice for many countries at that time (France, England, the USSR, etc.). The reasons for the disinterest of the main players in world politics at this stage in the restoration of Ukraine’s independence are emphasized. As the government’s emigration status and military actions did not help preserve the archives, documents belonging to this period of Ukrainian history and diplomacy have come down to us in limited numbers. Publication and analysis of documents of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile, which relate to the foreign policy concepts of the Ukrainian emigration government, allow to more fully reveal the vision of ways to restore Ukraine’s independence after its territories were part of the USSR, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia.

scholarly journals THE PRIVILEGES OF POLISH KING STEPHEN BATHORY FOR LOYEW 1576 AND 1582 YEARS

2018 ◽  
pp. 159-173
Author(s):  
Natalia Bilous
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The City ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Town ◽  
Second World

The article deals with two privileges of the Polish king Stefan Batory for the Polissya town of Loyew (now the district centre of the Gomel region, the Republic of Belarus). In the 16th century, it was a part of the Liubech starostvo of the Kyiv voivodship. The town is known first of all due to military battles that took place in the neighbourhood. One occurred on July 31, 1649, and the other - during the Second World War, while the pages of its history during the Lithuanian-Polish era, such as the granting of self-government under the Magdeburg law, are still little known.Stefan Batory privileges for Loyew can be considered exciting and rare archival finds, and they have not yet been published and introduced into scientific circulation. The first - the Magdeburg Law was granted on August 3, 1576, the second - on the Loyew Vogtship for Fedora Volka appeared as an addition to the first one in six years (November 25, 1582). Unlike most of the privileges of the time, inscribed in the books of the royal the chancellery, these two were not written in Latin or Polish, but in Cyrillic. The documents originate from the Archives of the Sangushki princes, which are now stored in the State Archives of Poland in Krakow (Wawel department).The initiator and recipient of the Magdeburg privileges for Loyew were Pavlo Ivanovych Sapiega, Lubeckij and Loyewsky Starosta from 1560, and the Kyiv Castellan from 1566. He, at his own expense, built the city and the castle Loyew Mountain, that was lying on the Tartar road and defending the Lithuanian border from the Chernihiv side (which at that time belonged to the Moscow state), and was also protecting the state from the Tatar attacks. The privilege of the Loyew Vogts was granted in 1582 to Fedor Volk as the reward for his military service and participation in hostilities.These documents are exceptional since during the reign of Stefan Batory (1576-1586) only a few cities in this region received similar privileges. The significance of royal privileges for Loyew was enormous – it was a necessary legal basis and a significant impetus for its further development. Residents of Loyew received self-government on the principles of Magdeburg Law and many economic privileges and liberties, which favourably distinguished them among other cities in the region.

Development of the Concepts for Providing Close Air Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Hristov Manush
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe main objective of the study is to trace the perceptions of the task of an aviation component to provide direct aviation support to both ground and naval forces. Part of the study is devoted to tracing the combat experience gained during the assignment by the Bulgarian Air Force in the final combat operations against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War 1944-1945. The state of the conceptions at the present stage regarding the accomplishment of the task in conducting defensive and offensive battles and operations is also considered. Emphasis is also placed on the development of the perceptions of the task in the armies of the United States and Russia.

EDUCATING YOUNG PEOPLE IN PRESERVING THE MEMORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Davlatbek Qudratov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Military Mobilization ◽  
Second World

The article analyzes the state of schools and education in General during the Second World war. The slogan "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" defined the goal not only of all military mobilization activities of the Soviet state, but also became the center of all organizational, ideological, cultural and educational activities of the party and state bodies of Uzbekistan.

B'nai B'rith on the European continent after World War Two

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-126
Author(s):  
Hans Levy
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Jewish Organization ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Second World

The focus of this paper is on the oldest international Jewish organization founded in 1843, B’nai B’rith. The paper presents a chronicle of B’nai B’rith in Continental Europe after the Second World War and the history of the organization in Scandinavia. In the 1970's the Order of B'nai B'rith became B'nai B'rith international. B'nai B'rith worked for Jewish unity and was supportive of the state of Israel.

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