scholarly journals An Optimality Theoretic Description on the Characteristics of Postpositions in Mandarin Chinese

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402095872
Author(s):  
Yu-Ching Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Chinese And English ◽  
Theoretic Description

In this paper, we adopt optimality theory to describe some important properties of postpositions. First, they follow the complement in their own projections. Second, they select either an NP or a PrepP as the complement, but they do not select another PostP as the complement to avoid the adjacency of two postpositions. Third, when occurring in a VP, they precede the head verb if they are complements of verbs and follow the verb if they are adjuncts. Fourth, the insertion of de between a postposition and its complement is prohibited. Fifth, postpositional stranding is disallowed. As will be shown in this paper, by using OT as the theoretical framework, we establish a theoretical model that is able to account for the syntactic properties, configurations, and restrictions involving the category of postpositions. Finally, this paper provided a brief cross-linguistic generalization of syntactic properties related to postposition between Mandarin Chinese and English from the perspective of OT.

An Examination of the Nature of Trust in Buyer–Seller Relationships

1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Doney ◽  
Joseph P. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Supplier Selection ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Supplier Performance ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Integrate Theory ◽  
Selection Decision ◽  
The Impact

The authors integrate theory developed in several disciplines to determine five cognitive processes through which industrial buyers can develop trust of a supplier firm and its salesperson. These processes provide a theoretical framework used to identify antecedents of trust. The authors also examine the impact of supplier firm and salesperson trust on a buying firm's current supplier choice and future purchase intentions. The theoretical model is tested on data collected from more than 200 purchasing managers. The authors find that several variables influence the development of supplier firm and salesperson trust. Trust of the supplier firm and trust of the salesperson (operating indirectly through supplier firm trust) influence a buyer's anticipated future interaction with the supplier. However, after controlling for previous experience and supplier performance, neither trust of the selling firm nor its salesperson influence the current supplier selection decision.

Farm capital structure choice: theory and an empirical test

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wu ◽  
Zhengfei Guan ◽  
Robert Myers
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Comparative Statics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structure Choice ◽  
Capital Structure Choice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a unified theoretical framework that explains farm capital structure choice. Design/methodology/approach – The framework accommodates different credit access scenarios and heterogeneous risk profiles of borrowers. It recognizes that the costs of capital are endogenously determined, reflecting the degree of credit risk and accessibility to credit markets. Based on the proposed model and the comparative statics derived thereof, the paper empirically tests the impacts of different factors on capital structure choice. Findings – Based on the theoretical framework, the paper derived the impacts of different factors on capital structure choice using comparative statics. Results suggest that the potential determinants of capital structure have varying effects at different ranges of leverage. Empirical evidence supports the theoretical model. Originality/value – Despite all of previous work on various aspects of farm capital structure choice, a framework that encompasses each of the different assumptions and scenarios is still lacking. The theoretical model integrates credit risk models and accommodates endogenous cost of capital, providing a comprehensive framework for studying farm capital structure choice and its determinants. The results provide insights that could help policy makers and lenders develop effective instruments to manage, monitor, and influence the financial leverage of farms at different quantiles of debt ratio.

scholarly journals e-Campaigning in the 2014 European elections

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ceron ◽  
Luigi Curini
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
European Elections ◽  
Electoral Campaigns ◽  
Electoral Campaign ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores the relationship between the incentives of parties to campaign on valence issues and the ideological proximity between one party and its competitors. Building from the existing literature, we provide a novel theoretical model that investigates this relationship in a two-dimensional multiparty system. Our theoretical argument is then tested focusing on the 2014 European electoral campaign in the five largest European countries, through an analysis of the messages posted by parties in their official Twitter accounts. Our results highlight an inverse relationship between a party’s distance from its neighbors and its likelihood to emphasize valence issues. However, as suggested in our theoretical framework, this effect is statistically significant only with respect to valence positive campaigning. Our findings have implications for the literature on valence competition, electoral campaigns, and social media.

Accusative case in passives

Linguistics ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Double Object ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Accusative Case ◽  
Passive Construction ◽  
Chinese And English

Abstract The standard explanation for Ν Ρ movement in the passive construction has been that the N P must move into the nominative position because no accusative case is available. This paper examines the implications for this view of some double-object constructions in Mandarin Chinese and English that are ungrammatical as active clauses but improve significantly as passives. These facts are unexpected under the standard view of passives, but I suggest that they can be explained if we assume that the second object is not licensed for case in the active versions but is able to check accusative case in the passive version, thus arguing that accusative case is available in passive clauses.

Parental numeric language input to Mandarin Chinese and English speaking preschool children

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALICIA CHANG ◽  
CATHERINE M. SANDHOFER ◽  
LAUREN ADELCHANOW ◽  
BENJAMIN ROTTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Mathematical Performance ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Language Input ◽  
Chinese And English ◽  
Syntactic Frames ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the number-specific parental language input to Mandarin- and English-speaking preschool-aged children. Mandarin and English transcripts from the CHILDES database were examined for amount of numeric speech, specific types of numeric speech and syntactic frames in which numeric speech appeared. The results showed that Mandarin-speaking parents talked about number more frequently than English-speaking parents. Further, the ways in which parents talked about number terms in the two languages was more supportive of a cardinal interpretation in Mandarin than in English. We discuss these results in terms of their implications for numerical understanding and later mathematical performance.

Quantified Optimality and the Phonological Parsing of Korean Sov Sentences

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 25-54
Author(s):  
David J. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Phonological Phrase

Abstract. In an attempt to understand the variable nature of phonological phrasing in Korean, this study analyzes intuitional judgments of 53 native speakers of Korean who evaluated possible phonological phrasings of simple Subject-Object-Verb sentences: [S]-[OV], [SO]-[V], [SOV], and [S]-[O]-[V]. Analysis of the quantified rating data reveals a strong preference for a subject-predicate phrasing ([S]-[OV]) and a distinct dispreference for the phrasing in which the subject and object were grouped into a single phonological constituent ([SO]-[V]). These preferences are then analyzed in the context of a constraint-based theoretical framework; by extending the Optimality Theory (OT) notion of "ranking" to include not only constraints but also candidates, we corroborate the existence of preference patterns in native-speaker intuitions regarding the phrasing of [SOV]. These patterns are explained by referencing three putatively universal constraints that govern the phonological phrase formation: one that aligns phonological phrases with syntactic phrases, a second that requires phonological phrases to be binary branching, and a third that limits the weight of phonological phrases to five syllables. Although the quantitative data and the proposed OT account are not in complete agreement, the account put forward should encourage further research into a more comprehensive integration of variation studies and OT.

Forward and backward transfer of sentence processing cues in English and Mandarin Chinese: A call for approximate replication of Liu, Bates, and Li (1992) and Su (2001)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Stephen Skalicky ◽  
Victoria Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Competition Model ◽  
Functional Explanation ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Forward Transfer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chinese And English

Abstract The Competition Model has served as a functional explanation of cross-linguistic influence and transfer for more than 30 years. A large number of studies have used the Competition Model to frame investigations of sentence processing strategies in different types of bilingual and multilingual speakers. Among the different bilingual speakers investigated, Mandarin Chinese and English bilinguals represent a clear testing ground for the claims of the Competition Model. This is because of purportedly stark contrasts in sentence processing strategies between the two languages. Previous studies investigating sentence processing strategies of English L2 and Mandarin L2 bilinguals suggests forward transfer of L1 cues to the L2, moderated by L2 proficiency. In this paper, we argue for replication of two of these studies, namely Liu, Bates, and Li (1992) and Su (2001). These studies continue to be cited today as evidence of differences between English and Mandarin sentence processing strategies which is in turn taken as support for the predictions of the Competition Model. However, both studies presented methodological limitations in terms of measures of proficiency, participant and stimuli selection, and the statistical analysis. We suggest approximate replication of both of these studies and provide suggestions for how such replications might be conducted.

The unconditional ‘ought’: A theoretical model for the anthropology of morality

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Beldo
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Moral Discourse ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
The Relationship

Despite growing interest in the study of morality in anthropology, the field continues to be hindered by the lack of a common theoretical framework that adequately conceptualizes morality as an analytic concept and distinguishes it from other domains of social judgment. Drawing upon and critiquing efforts by Laidlaw and Zigon, I propose a theoretical model that recognizes morality as one of three kinds of ‘ought’ propositions. As a special kind of ‘ought’, moral judgment and practice imply prescriptive standards that are experienced as factual and unconditional, independent of prudence or consensus. The distinction between moral discourse and ‘embodied’ morality, as well as the relationship between morality and ontological categories such as personhood and self, are discussed in light of this understanding. The essay concludes with a brief analysis of moral discourse among members of organized atheist groups.

The partitive construction in Mandarin Chinese

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Jin
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Small Clause ◽  
Parametric Variation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Syntactic Derivation

This paper investigates the semantic and syntactic properties of [N(oun)+de+Q(uantifier)] in Mandarin Chinese. Based on a comparison with the quantitive construction [Q+N], the paper advocates that [N+de+Q] is the Chinese partitive construction. Adopting a clausal approach to the syntactic derivation of partitives, it is hypothesized that Chinese partitives are formed via applying Predicate Inversion to a small clause that features a BELONG-type possession relationship. The difference between Chinese partitives and English-type partitives in terms of the surface word order is a result of a parametric variation with respect to whether the remnant of Predication Inversion undergoes further raising or not.

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