scholarly journals Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110469
Author(s):  
Hongen Jiang ◽  
Cheng-Sen Li ◽  
Hongyong Cao ◽  
Palidanmu Shading ◽  
Ye-Ming Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Turpan Basin ◽  
Plant Resource ◽  
Ancient People ◽  
Traditional Classification ◽  
Subeixi Culture ◽  
River Valleys

As a very important plant resource, wood played varied and important roles in the lives of ancient people. In the present study, wood was discovered in the Yanghai cemetery of the Turpan Basin, which belonged to the Subeixi culture (~1300BC–200AD). By using traditional classification techniques of wood anatomy, four taxa of wood, viz. Populus sp., Salix sp., Picea sp., as well as Betula sp., were identified. Woods of Populus, Salix, and Picea were mainly used for tomb construction, with Poplus sp. also used for tub and plate-making. Furthermore, the wood of Betula sp. was selected for dipper-making. Previous studies have shown that the ancient Yanghai people once led an agro-pastoral lifestyle, engaging in both agricultural activities in the local oasis and animal husbandry practices in the Tianshan Mountains. As trees adapted to the cold, wood of Picea sp. and Betula sp. could have been cut in the Tianshan Mountains during transhumance. Conversely, wood of Populus sp. and Salix sp. could have been cut either locally in the oasis of the Turpan Basin or in the river valleys of the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains far from Yanghai settlements.

Cattle, Sheep/Goats and Pigs from Northern and Central Hampshire: Iron Age, Roman and Early Saxon Faunal Remains from Excavation Assemblages

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-272
Author(s):  
Anthony C. King
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Animal Economy

This paper is a survey of overall species counts from northern and central Hampshire sites, of Iron Age, Roman and early Saxon date, and their implications for chronological changes in animal husbandry and diet. Three zones, around Basingstoke, Andover, and central Hampshire, are compared with each other, and also with the Roman urban centres of Silchester and Winchester. The Andover region shows the greatest degree of continuity from Iron Age to Roman times and later, while the Basingstoke region has a pattern of change from sheep/goat dominated assemblages to ones with higher cattle numbers. This may be due to agricultural intensification, and an orientation of the animal economy in northern Hampshire more towards the Thames Valley and supply to Silchester, than an earlier 'Wessex pattern' more focussed on sheep and wool production.

scholarly journals Response of altitudinal vegetation belts of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern China to climate change during 1989–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Lu-yu Liu ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
Cheng-bang An
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Northwestern China ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Altitudinal Belts ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWithin the mountain altitudinal vegetation belts, the shift of forest tree lines and subalpine steppe belts to high altitudes constitutes an obvious response to global climate change. However, whether or not similar changes occur in steppe belts (low altitude) and nival belts in different areas within mountain systems remain undetermined. It is also unknown if these, responses to climate change are consistent. Here, using Landsat remote sensing images from 1989 to 2015, we obtained the spatial distribution of altitudinal vegetation belts in different periods of the Tianshan Mountains in Northwestern China. We suggest that the responses from different altitudinal vegetation belts to global climate change are different. The changes in the vegetation belts at low altitudes are spatially different. In high-altitude regions (higher than the forest belts), however, the trend of different altitudinal belts is consistent. Specifically, we focused on analyses of the impact of changes in temperature and precipitation on the nival belts, desert steppe belts, and montane steppe belts. The results demonstrated that the temperature in the study area exhibited an increasing trend, and is the main factor of altitudinal vegetation belts change in the Tianshan Mountains. In the context of a significant increase in temperature, the upper limit of the montane steppe in the eastern and central parts will shift to lower altitudes, which may limit the development of local animal husbandry. The montane steppe in the west, however, exhibits the opposite trend, which may augment the carrying capacity of pastures and promote the development of local animal husbandry. The lower limit of the nival belt will further increase in all studied areas, which may lead to an increase in surface runoff in the central and western regions.

The Forgotten Child of the Wider Corded Ware Family: Russian Fatyanovo Culture in Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 65-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerkko Nordqvist ◽  
Volker Heyd
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Volga River ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
River Valleys

The Fatyanovo Culture, together with its eastern twin, the Balanovo Culture, forms part of the pan-European Corded Ware Complex. Within that complex, it represents its eastern expansion to the catchment of the Upper and Middle Volga River in the European part of Russia. Its immediate roots are to be found in the southern Baltic States, Belarus, and northern Ukraine (the Baltic and Middle-Dnepr Corded Ware Cultures), from where moving people spread the culture further east along the river valleys of the forested flatlands. By doing so, they introduced animal husbandry to these regions. Fatyanovo Culture is predominately recognised through its material culture imbedded in its mortuary practices. Most aspects of every-day life remain unknown. The lack of an adequate absolute chronological framework has thus far prevented the verification of its internal cultural dynamics while overall interaction proposed also on typo-stratigraphical grounds suggests a contemporaneity with other representations of the Corded Ware Complex in Europe. Fatyanovo Culture is formed by the reverse movement to the (north-)east of the Corded Ware Complex, itself established in the aftermath of the westbound spread of Yamnaya populations from the steppes. It thus represents an important link between west and east, pastoralists and last hunter-gatherers, and the 3rd and the 2nd millennia bc. Through its descendants (including Abashevo, Sintashta, and Andronovo Cultures) it becomes a key component in the development of the wider cultural landscape of Bronze Age Eurasia.

scholarly journals Assessment of Inter-Sectoral Virtual Water Reallocation and Linkages in the Northern Tianshan Mountains, China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2363
Author(s):  
Dedao Gao ◽  
Aihua Long ◽  
Jiawen Yu ◽  
Helian Xu ◽  
Shoujuan Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Primary Industry ◽  
Northern Tianshan ◽  
The Government

Quantitative analysis of the reallocation and linkages of virtual water in the economic sector was important for the integrated water resources management in inland arid regions. Taking the northern Tianshan Mountains (NTM) as an example, we applied the environmental input-output model to design the accounting framework for the reallocation of blue and green virtual water (VW) in the economic sector and analyzed the correlation effect of VW reallocation among various sectors by backward and forward linkages in economic analysis. The results showed that the direct blue and green water consumption of primary industry respectively accounted for 99.2% and 100% of the total water consumption in NTM. Planting sector had the largest amount of VW outflow among all sectors. Animal husbandry, forestry and construction had a large pulling effect on VW outflow of planting sector, while planting sector and animal husbandry were the main sectors for VW export of blue and green water. We suggest that the government can increase the import of blue-green VW for agricultural raw materials through VW trade and develop industries such as service and electricity that have less pulling effect on the primary industry VW, so as to improve the economic added value of VW in the primary industry and reduce the loss of VW in primary industry production and trade flows in future water management.

Iron Age Animal Husbandry at Tell eṣ-Ṣâfi/Gath: Notes on the Fauna from Area D

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Kehati ◽  
Amit Dagan ◽  
Liora Kolska Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Animal Husbandry

Shanshar-Asarshyq arheologııalyq kesheninde júrgіzіlgen barlaý jumystarynyń nátıjelerі [The Results of Research Work in the Archaeological Complex Shanshar-Asarshyk]

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (117) ◽  
pp. 244-252
Author(s):  
M. Gýrsoı ◽  
◽  
K.M. Jetіbaev ◽  
B. Sızdıkov ◽  
M. Qoja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Sedentary Animal ◽  
Made In

The article discusses a new scientific concept made in the course of the excavation and the results of exploration at the archaeological complex of Shanshar-Asarshyk. It provides data on the existence of people during the Paleolithic and iron age and their occupation of sedentary animal husbandry and nomadic cattle breeding. The collected ceramics were analyzed from a macroscopic point of view and described. The found ceramic objects were compared with ceramic objects from other places and the corresponding conclusions were made. In addition, The Shanshar-Asarshyk settlement was compared with other cities in Central Asia and its architectural features and structure were revealed. With the help of the discovered material data, a predictive Dating of the monument was made. The article substantiates the necessity of conducting archeological excavations in the archaeological complex of Shanshar-Asarshyk. Мақалада Шаншар-Асаршық археологиялық кешенінде жүргізілген барлау нәтижелері мен қазба жұмыстары барысында жасалған жаңа ғылыми тұжырымдамалар сөз болады. Бұл жерде адамдардың палеолит және темір дәуірі кезінде өмір сүргені және отырықшы мал шаруашылығы мен көшпенді мал шаруашылығы кәсібімен айналысқандығы туралы деректер айтылады. Жиналған керамикалар макраскопиялық тұрғыдан сарапталып, талдау жүргізіліп, сипаттамасы жасалынды. Табылған керамикалық заттар басқа жердегі керамикалық заттармен салыстырылып, тұжырымдамалар жасалынды. Сонымен қатар Шаншар-Асаршық қалажұрты Орта Азиядағы басқа қалалармен салыстырылып, архитектуралық ерекшелігі мен құрылымы айқындалды. Табылған заттай деректер арқылы ескерткіштің болжамды мерзімдемесі жасалынды. Мақалада Шаншар-Асаршық археологиялық кешенінде археологиялық қазба жұмыстарының жүргізілу қажеттіліктері айтылды.

Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China. V. Anacardiaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongmin Dong ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Diversity Pattern ◽  
Traditional Classification ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The wood anatomy of twenty species belonging to eleven genera of Anacardiaceae native to or commonly cultivated in China is described in detail and a generic wood anatomical key is given. The wood anatomical diversity pattern partly agrees with the traditional classification into the tribes Anacardieae (Anacardium, Buchanania, and Mangijera), Spondieae (Choerospondias, Dracontomelon, Lannea, and Spondias) and Rhoideae (Cotinus, Pistacia, Rhus, and Toxicodendron).

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN THE EARLY IRON AGE AT TEL BETH-SHEMESH

2016 ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Brian Hesse ◽  
Emmett Brown ◽  
Timothy Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Early Iron Age

Agricultural Production

2018 ◽  
pp. 118-141
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Rangeland Ecology ◽  
City States ◽  
Age Constraints ◽  
Regional Types ◽  
Greek World

This chapter examines the growth of agricultural production in the Greek city-states. It traces the evolutions and mutations of agriculture in the ancient Greek world as well as the consequences of these changes, first by discussing the so-called Mediterranean trilogy that comprised ancient Greek agriculture: grain, olives, and grapes. While cereals, grapes, and olives constituted the heart of agricultural production in ancient Greece, the role played by other products such as fig, vegetables, roses and other flowers, and honey is also considered. The chapter goes on to explore animal husbandry in the Greek city-states, focusing on the debate on “pastoralism” in the Early Iron Age, constraints in livestock raising, and the three main regional types of stock raising that extended from the southern Aegean to Thessaly, the Peloponnese, and the vast migratory areas of western Greece. Finally, it analyzes rangeland ecology and management during the period.

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