QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VASCULARITY OF SKELETALLY IMMATURE FEMORAL CONDYLES: A CADAVER STUDY USING CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Background: The arterial supply to the chondroepiphysis is of paramount importance for proper nutrition and development. Previous animal studies had demonstrated that ischemic necrosis of the chondroepiphysis plays an important role in subsequent development of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Previous studies using susceptibility weighted imaging, a magnetic resonance image (MRI) sequence, demonstrated a pattern of disappearance of the arterial system over time at predilection sites for OCD lesions. The purposed of this study is to quantify distribution of the arterial perfusion in different zones of the immature distal femoral chondroepiphysis. Methods: We utilized 5 fresh frozen skeletally immature human cadaver knees (aged 0-6 months). The superficial femoral artery was cannulated proximal to the knee joint and major arteries distal to the knee joint were tied off. For volumetric analysis, comparisons were performed between contrast-enhanced and pre-contrast MRI. Regions of interest were developed to quantify the contrast enhancement in different zones of the chondroepiphysis, excluding the secondary ossification center. (Fig.1) Results: Quantitative MRI analysis demonstrated equivalent enhancement within the medial and lateral condyles in the 5 month and one of the 2 month specimens. The 0 month and 6 month specimens demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial condyle. One of the 2 months specimen demonstrated greater perfusion in the lateral condyle. The distal condyle analysis demonstrated equivalent enhancement in the 0 month, one of the 2 months and the 6 months specimens. The 5 month specimen demonstrated greater enhancement in the lateral distal condyle. The other 2 months specimen demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial distal condyle. The posterior condyle analysis demonstrated greater enhancement in the posterior lateral condyle in one of the 2 month specimen, and the 5 month and the 6 month specimens. The 0 month specimen demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial side. The other 2 month specimen demonstrated equivalent enhancement between medial and lateral side. Analyzing the medial condyle revealed equivalent enhancement in the medial and lateral zone in the 5 month and 6 month specimens. The 0 month specimen demonstrated greater enhancement laterally. Both 2 months specimens demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial side. Conclusion: This study expands the knowledge on the vascularity of the developing distal femoral chondroepiphysis, which may have an impact on our future understanding of OCD etiology, physeal growth, and peri-articular infections. The majority of the specimens demonstrated diminished perfusion in the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle when compare to the lateral posterior condyle. This is where the predilected area for the development of OCD lesions is located. Future studies in human and other mammals susceptible to knee OCD, along with the ongoing development of animal models of OCD will benefit from this information.

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Double-inversion recovery with synthetic magnetic resonance: a pilot study for assessing synovitis of the knee joint compared to contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

European Radiology ◽

10.1007/s00330-018-5800-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 2573-2580 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jisook Yi ◽

Young Han Lee ◽

Ho-Taek Song ◽

Jin-Suck Suh

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Inversion Recovery ◽

Double Inversion Recovery ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Contrast Enhanced

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Contrast-enhanced high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of autologous cartilage implants of the knee joint

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

10.1016/j.mri.2005.05.004 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 739-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christina M. Plank ◽

Klaus Kubin ◽

Michael Weber ◽

Stefan Marlovits ◽

Siegfried Trattnig

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

High Resolution ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Contrast Enhanced

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Giovanni Alfonso Borelli: The Precursor of Medial Pivot Concept in Knee Biomechanics

Joints ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1675164 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 06 (03) ◽

pp. 167-172

Author(s):

Nicola Piolanti ◽

Simone Polloni ◽

Enrico Bonicoli ◽

Michele Giuntoli ◽

Michelangelo Scaglione ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Human Body ◽

Scientific Revolution ◽

Lateral Condyle ◽

Knee Biomechanics ◽

Range Of Movement ◽

Medial Condyle ◽

Medial Pivot ◽

Almost All ◽

Femoral Condyles

AbstractA new philosophy of science and medicine had spread throughout the 17th-century Italy: the “Scientific Revolution.” Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) was one of the most charismatic and brilliant scientists of his generation in Europe. He extended to biology the rigorous analytic methods developed by his indirect mentor Galileo in the field of mechanics. In his masterpiece “De Motu Animalium,” Borelli analyzed structure, motion, balance, and forces concerning almost all the principal joints of the human body, in static and dynamic situations. In particular, he accurately studied the anatomy and biomechanics of the knee joint. He sustained that femoral condyles shift backward during flexion, allowing a wider range of movement. Furthermore, he observed that, when the knee flexes, the lateral condyle moves backward more than the medial condyle: this concept is nowadays known as medial pivoting. The aim of this article is to describe the life and work of this important Italian scientist and to present his unrecognized contribution to modern knee biomechanics.

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A Cross Sectional Study to Assess Morphometry of Upper End of 80 Cadaveric Tibiae in a Tertiary Care Centre of Central India

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/499 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (30) ◽

pp. 2714-2718

Author(s):

Sonali Rajesh Agichani ◽

Bandita Medhi ◽

Satish Kumar Harioudh

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Tibial Component ◽

Knee Prosthesis ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Transverse Diameter ◽

Lateral Condyle ◽

Morphometric Data ◽

Medial Condyle ◽

Anteroposterior Diameter

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis of knee joint is one of the major health problems, due to the evolution of erect posture. Upper weight bearing end of tibia is most vulnerable to damage in such patients. Total knee arthroplasty and unicompartmental arthroplasty are the most frequently done procedures, which require the use of adequate knee prosthesis. So, the present study was focused at providing morphometric data of upper articular end of tibia for designing the tibial component of prosthesis. METHODS The present study has been conducted in SAMC & PGI, Indore in the Department of Anatomy. 80 dry tibia bones were studied, of which 33 were right sided and 47 were left sided. Maximum anteroposterior (AP) length and width of upper surface of medial and lateral condyles and intercondylar area were measured with digital vernier caliper. RESULTS The average anteroposterior diameter was found to be greater than the transverse diameter for both the condyles and the intercondylar area, irrespective of side. Furthermore, the anteroposterior diameter and the transverse diameter of medial condyle was more than that of lateral condyle on both the sides. In intercondylar area, the anteroposterior diameter was found to be more on right side while transverse diameter was more on left side. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the accurate complete comparative measurements of all the parameters of upper surface of medial and lateral condyles and intercondylar area. The morphometric data obtained will provide guidelines for designing tibial component of knee prosthesis in central Indian population. Apart from clinical significance, the study has anthropological and medicolegal importance as well. KEYWORDS Morphometry, Upper End of Tibia, Knee Joint

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Growth of the capitellar ossification center and its relationship within the lateral condyle of the distal humerus in skeletally immature elbows

Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B ◽

10.1097/bpb.0000000000000673 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 187-194

Author(s):

Jaehyung Lee ◽

Yunsik Cha ◽

Michael Seungcheol Kang ◽

Soo-Sung Park

Keyword(s):

Distal Humerus ◽

Ossification Center ◽

Lateral Condyle ◽

Skeletally Immature

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Cartilage Thickness of the Knee Joint in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Comparative Assessment by Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.140162 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 534-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Dan Østergaard Pradsgaard ◽

Bente Fiirgaard ◽

Anne Helen Spannow ◽

Carsten Heuck ◽

Troels Herlin

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Cartilage Thickness ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Medial Condyle ◽

Femoral Cartilage ◽

Femoral Cartilage Thickness ◽

Mri Measurements

Objective.The functional disability experienced in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is primarily caused by joint effusion, synovial membrane hypertrophy, and periarticular soft tissue edema, leading to the degeneration of the osteocartilaginous structures because of the inflammatory process in the synovium. The ability to visualize the inflammatory changes and hence the ensuing osteocartilaginous degeneration is, therefore, of great importance in pediatric rheumatology. Ultrasonography (US) has been validated as a tool for measuring cartilage thickness in healthy children and, previously, we have found good agreement with the measures obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our aim is to validate and compare US with MRI measurements of distal femoral cartilage thickness in the knee joint at the medial condyle, lateral condyle, and intercondylar spots in children with JIA, and to locate the best spot for imaging comparisons.Methods.One knee from each of 23 children with oligoarticular JIA were investigated by both MRI and US. Outcome measures of imaging procedures were distal femoral cartilage thickness.Results.We found a high level of agreement between MRI and US measurements of mean cartilage thickness, and Rho values between modalities were high (between 0.70 and 0.86, p < 0.05 for all). We found a thinner cartilage thickness at the medial condyle in comparison to the other investigated points. Evaluation of anatomical landmarks for optimal measurement of cartilage thickness was found to be the intercondylar spot, which was easier to locate in addition to a smaller variance around the mean for that anatomical measuring point.Conclusion.US measurements of distal femoral cartilage thickness are highly correlated to MRI measurements. The intercondylar notch of the distal femoral cartilage may be the best anatomical point for cartilage thickness measurements of the knee. US is a reliant and nonexpensive, non-invasive modality for visualization of childhood femoral cartilage.

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