scholarly journals Giovanni Alfonso Borelli: The Precursor of Medial Pivot Concept in Knee Biomechanics

Joints ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Nicola Piolanti ◽  
Simone Polloni ◽  
Enrico Bonicoli ◽  
Michele Giuntoli ◽  
Michelangelo Scaglione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Lateral Condyle ◽  
Knee Biomechanics ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Medial Pivot ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Femoral Condyles

AbstractA new philosophy of science and medicine had spread throughout the 17th-century Italy: the “Scientific Revolution.” Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) was one of the most charismatic and brilliant scientists of his generation in Europe. He extended to biology the rigorous analytic methods developed by his indirect mentor Galileo in the field of mechanics. In his masterpiece “De Motu Animalium,” Borelli analyzed structure, motion, balance, and forces concerning almost all the principal joints of the human body, in static and dynamic situations. In particular, he accurately studied the anatomy and biomechanics of the knee joint. He sustained that femoral condyles shift backward during flexion, allowing a wider range of movement. Furthermore, he observed that, when the knee flexes, the lateral condyle moves backward more than the medial condyle: this concept is nowadays known as medial pivoting. The aim of this article is to describe the life and work of this important Italian scientist and to present his unrecognized contribution to modern knee biomechanics.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VASCULARITY OF SKELETALLY IMMATURE FEMORAL CONDYLES: A CADAVER STUDY USING CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0014
Author(s):  
Lionel E. Lazaro ◽  
Naomi Gadnisky ◽  
Craig Klinger ◽  
Jonathan P. Dyke ◽  
Laura J. Kleeblad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ossification Center ◽  
Lateral Condyle ◽  
Skeletally Immature ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Posterior Condyle ◽  
Medial Side ◽  
Contrast Enhanced

Background: The arterial supply to the chondroepiphysis is of paramount importance for proper nutrition and development. Previous animal studies had demonstrated that ischemic necrosis of the chondroepiphysis plays an important role in subsequent development of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Previous studies using susceptibility weighted imaging, a magnetic resonance image (MRI) sequence, demonstrated a pattern of disappearance of the arterial system over time at predilection sites for OCD lesions. The purposed of this study is to quantify distribution of the arterial perfusion in different zones of the immature distal femoral chondroepiphysis. Methods: We utilized 5 fresh frozen skeletally immature human cadaver knees (aged 0-6 months). The superficial femoral artery was cannulated proximal to the knee joint and major arteries distal to the knee joint were tied off. For volumetric analysis, comparisons were performed between contrast-enhanced and pre-contrast MRI. Regions of interest were developed to quantify the contrast enhancement in different zones of the chondroepiphysis, excluding the secondary ossification center. (Fig.1) Results: Quantitative MRI analysis demonstrated equivalent enhancement within the medial and lateral condyles in the 5 month and one of the 2 month specimens. The 0 month and 6 month specimens demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial condyle. One of the 2 months specimen demonstrated greater perfusion in the lateral condyle. The distal condyle analysis demonstrated equivalent enhancement in the 0 month, one of the 2 months and the 6 months specimens. The 5 month specimen demonstrated greater enhancement in the lateral distal condyle. The other 2 months specimen demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial distal condyle. The posterior condyle analysis demonstrated greater enhancement in the posterior lateral condyle in one of the 2 month specimen, and the 5 month and the 6 month specimens. The 0 month specimen demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial side. The other 2 month specimen demonstrated equivalent enhancement between medial and lateral side. Analyzing the medial condyle revealed equivalent enhancement in the medial and lateral zone in the 5 month and 6 month specimens. The 0 month specimen demonstrated greater enhancement laterally. Both 2 months specimens demonstrated greater enhancement in the medial side. Conclusion: This study expands the knowledge on the vascularity of the developing distal femoral chondroepiphysis, which may have an impact on our future understanding of OCD etiology, physeal growth, and peri-articular infections. The majority of the specimens demonstrated diminished perfusion in the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle when compare to the lateral posterior condyle. This is where the predilected area for the development of OCD lesions is located. Future studies in human and other mammals susceptible to knee OCD, along with the ongoing development of animal models of OCD will benefit from this information.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Femoral Condyle Sagittal Curvature on ACL Rupture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Milovanović ◽  
Marko Bumbaširević ◽  
Marko Kadija ◽  
Ninoslav Begović ◽  
Vuk Djulejić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Condyle ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Acl Rupture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lateral Condyle ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Valgus Angle ◽  
Tibial Translation ◽  
Femoral Condyles

Abstract Purpose: The femoral condyle diameter may influence anterior tibial translation whose main stabilizer is the ACL. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the size of the lateral and medial femoral condyles on ACL rupture. Methods: 41 matched pairs of subjects were included in the study who had suffered knee injury and were either professional or recreational athletes engaged in track and field or sports involving intensive rotation movements. The experimental group was composed of patients with ACL rupture, while the control group comprised patients with joint distortion without ACL. The diameter of the medial and lateral condyles were measured on sagittal MRI images of these patients’ knees. Results: Subjects with ACL rupture had a highly statistically significantly shorter diameter of the lateral condyle as compared to their matched pairs from the control group (p<0.01). Also, the lateral condyle of the subjects with ACL rupture had a significantly lesser diameter as compared to the medial condyle (p<0.01), which was not the case in patients without ACL rupture (p>0.05). Patients with intact ACL demonstrated significant indirect correlation of the diameter of both femoral condyles with the valgus angle of the lower leg (p<0.01). Conclusions: The shorter diameter of the lateral femoral condyle is connected with ACL rupture, both in women and men. The lack of correlation between the diameter of the femoral condyles and the valgus angle of the lower leg also represents a factor connected to ACL rupture.

A Cross Sectional Study to Assess Morphometry of Upper End of 80 Cadaveric Tibiae in a Tertiary Care Centre of Central India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 2714-2718
Author(s):  
Sonali Rajesh Agichani ◽  
Bandita Medhi ◽  
Satish Kumar Harioudh
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Tibial Component ◽  
Knee Prosthesis ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Lateral Condyle ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Anteroposterior Diameter

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis of knee joint is one of the major health problems, due to the evolution of erect posture. Upper weight bearing end of tibia is most vulnerable to damage in such patients. Total knee arthroplasty and unicompartmental arthroplasty are the most frequently done procedures, which require the use of adequate knee prosthesis. So, the present study was focused at providing morphometric data of upper articular end of tibia for designing the tibial component of prosthesis. METHODS The present study has been conducted in SAMC & PGI, Indore in the Department of Anatomy. 80 dry tibia bones were studied, of which 33 were right sided and 47 were left sided. Maximum anteroposterior (AP) length and width of upper surface of medial and lateral condyles and intercondylar area were measured with digital vernier caliper. RESULTS The average anteroposterior diameter was found to be greater than the transverse diameter for both the condyles and the intercondylar area, irrespective of side. Furthermore, the anteroposterior diameter and the transverse diameter of medial condyle was more than that of lateral condyle on both the sides. In intercondylar area, the anteroposterior diameter was found to be more on right side while transverse diameter was more on left side. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the accurate complete comparative measurements of all the parameters of upper surface of medial and lateral condyles and intercondylar area. The morphometric data obtained will provide guidelines for designing tibial component of knee prosthesis in central Indian population. Apart from clinical significance, the study has anthropological and medicolegal importance as well. KEYWORDS Morphometry, Upper End of Tibia, Knee Joint

scholarly journals Glioblastoma and MiRNAs

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Swalih P. Ahmed ◽  
Javier S. Castresana ◽  
Mehdi H. Shahi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most common types of lethal brain tumors. Although several treatment options are available including surgery, along with adjuvant chemo and radiotherapy, the disease has a poor prognosis and patients generally die within 14 months of diagnosis. GB is chemo and radio resistant. Thus, there is a critical need for new insights into GB treatment to increase the chance of therapeutic success. This is why microRNA (miRNA) is being potentially considered in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma. The objective of our review is to provide a holistic picture of GB up-regulated and down-regulated miRNA, in relationship with the expression of other genes, cell signaling pathways, and their role in GB diagnosis and treatment. MiRNA treatment is being considered to be used against GB together with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, the use of miRNA as a diagnostic tool has also begun. Knowing that miRNAs are isolated in almost all human body fluids and that there are more than 3000 miRNAs in the human genome, plus the fact that each miRNA controls hundreds of different mRNAs, there is still much study needed to explore how miRNAs relate to GB for its proliferation, progression, and inhibition.

scholarly journals OP0083 DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA INFILTRATING MACROPHAGES MAINTAIN OSTEOARTHRITIS PAIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 55.2-56
Author(s):  
R. Raoof ◽  
C. Martin ◽  
H. De Visser ◽  
J. Prado ◽  
S. Versteeg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Osteoarthritis Pain ◽  
Knee Pathology ◽  
Femoral Condyles ◽  
Over Time

Background:Pain is a major debilitating symptom of knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the extent of joint damage in OA does not correlate well with the severity of pain. The mechanisms that govern OA pain are poorly understood. Immune cells infiltrating nervous tissue may contribute to pain maintenance.Objectives:Here we investigated the role of macrophages in the initiation and maintenance of OA pain.Methods:Knee joint damage was induced by an unilateral injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA) or after application of a groove at the femoral condyles of rats fed on high fat diet. Pain-like behaviors were followed over time using von Frey test and dynamic weight bearing. Joint damage was assessed by histology. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) infiltrating immune cells were assessed over time using flow cytometry. To deplete monocytes and macrophages, Lysmcrex Csfr1-Stop-DTR were injected intrathecal or systemically with diptheria toxin (DT).Results:Intraarticular monoiodoacetate injection induced OA and signs of persistent pain, such as mechanical hyperalgesia and deficits in weight bearing. The persisting pain-like behaviors were associated with accumulation of F4/80+macrophages with an M1-like phenotype in the lumbar DRG appearing from 1 week after MIA injection, and that persisted till at least 4 weeks after MIA injection. Macrophages infiltrated DRG were also observed in the rat groove model of OA, 12 weeks after application of a groove at the femoral condyles. Systemic or local depletion of DRG macrophages during established MIA-induced OA completely ablated signs of pain, without affecting MIA-induced knee pathology. Intriguingly when monocytes/macrophages were depleted prior to induction of osteoarthritis, pain-like behaviors still developed, however these pain-like behaviors did not persist over time.In vitro,sensory neurons innervating the affected OA joint programmed macrophages into a M1 phenotype. Local repolarization of M1-like DRG macrophages towards M2 by intrathecal injection of M2 macrophages or anti-inflammatory cytokines resolved persistent OA-induced pain.Conclusion:Overall we show that macrophages infiltrate the DRG after knee damage and acquire a M1-like phenotype and maintain pain independent of the lesions in the knee joint. DRG-infiltrating macrophages are not required for induction of OA pain. Reprogramming M1-like DRG-infiltrating macrophages may represent a potential strategy to treat OA pain.Acknowledgments:This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreements No 814244 and No 642720. Dutch Arthritis SocietyDisclosure of Interests:Ramin Raoof: None declared, Christian Martin: None declared, Huub de Visser: None declared, Judith Prado: None declared, Sabine Versteeg: None declared, Anne Heinemans: None declared, Simon Mastbergen: None declared, Floris Lafeber Shareholder of: Co-founder and shareholder of ArthroSave BV, Niels Eijkelkamp: None declared

COMPARATIVE KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE RANGE OF MOVEMENT OF A NORMAL HUMAN KNEE JOINT, STANDARD ARTIFICIAL KNEE AND NOVEL ARTIFICIAL HIGH FLEXION KNEE

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Sam Prasanna Rajkumar ◽  
Sudesh Sivarasu ◽  
Lazar Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
High Flexion ◽  
Additional Degree ◽  
Normal Knee ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
Knee Movement ◽  
Human Knee Joint

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) using standard artificial knee implant has a limitation in restriction in the range of motion and freedom of movements'. This study was worked out to compare the kinematics of a reconstructed 3D knee with standard and high flexion artificial knee designs. A CT bone model reconstructed with MIMICS for a 3D normal knee joint and the simulation was done for normal knee, standard version of artificial knee as well as the high flexion knee designs. The results of the analyses, provides us an insight that high flexion designs were most suited and gives increased range of motion and also provides an additional degree of freedom so that it almost mimics the normal knee movement. The high flexion design when tested under simulated environment provided a better functionality and increased movements. It was concluded that the normal knee has 6 degrees of freedom (DOF); the standard version has 1 rotation and 1 translation. The high flexion design provides 2 rotations and 1 translation.

Quantifying Achievable Levels of Improvement in Knee Joint Biomechanics During Gait After Total Knee Arthroplasty Relative to Osteoarthritis Severity

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jereme B. Outerleys ◽  
Michael J. Dunbar ◽  
Glen Richardson ◽  
Cheryl L. Hubley-Kozey ◽  
Janie L. Astephen Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Knee Adduction Moment ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Knee Biomechanics ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Joint Biomechanics ◽  
Total Knee

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery improves knee joint kinematics and kinetics during gait for most patients, but a lack of evidence exists for the level and incidence of improvement that is achieved. The objective of this study was to quantify patient-specific improvements in knee biomechanics relative to osteoarthritis (OA) severity levels. Seventy-two patients underwent 3-dimensional (3D) gait analysis before and 1 year after TKA surgery, as well as 72 asymptomatic adults and 72 with moderate knee OA. A combination of principal component analysis and discriminant analyses were used to categorize knee joint biomechanics for patients before and after surgery relative to asymptomatic, moderate, and severe OA. Post-TKA, 63% were categorized with knee biomechanics consistent with moderate OA, 29% with severe OA, and 8% asymptomatic. The magnitude and pattern of the knee adduction moment and angle (frontal plane features) were the most significant contributors in discriminating between pre-TKA and post-TKA knee biomechanics. Standard of care TKA improves knee biomechanics during gait to levels most consistent with moderate knee OA and predominately targets frontal plane features. These results provide evidence for the level of improvement in knee biomechanics that can be expected following surgery and highlight the biomechanics most targeted by surgery.

scholarly journals Single-Stage Arthroscopic Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligament Repairs and Open Medial Collateral Ligament Repair for Acute Knee Dislocation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ryo Murakami ◽  
Eisaburo Honda ◽  
Atsushi Fukai ◽  
Hiroki Yoshitomi ◽  
Takaki Sanada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Medial Collateral Ligament ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Injuries ◽  
Knee Dislocation ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Lateral Condyle ◽  
Ligament Repair ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Medial Condyle

Till date, there are no clear guidelines regarding the treatment of multiple ligament knee injuries. Ligament repair is advantageous as it preserves proprioception and does not involve grafting. Many studies have reported the use of open repair and reconstruction for multiple ligament knee injuries; however, reports on arthroscopic-combined single-stage anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) repairs are scarce. In this report, we describe a case of type III knee dislocation (ACL, PCL, and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries) in a 43-year-old man, caused by contact while playing futsal. On the sixth day after injury, arthroscopic ACL and PCL repairs were performed with open MCL repair. The proximal lesions in the three ligaments that were injured were sutured using no. 2 strong surgical sutures. The ACL was pulled out to the lateral condyle of the femur and fixed using a suspensory fixation device. The PCL was pulled out to the medial condyle of the femur, and the MCL was pulled towards the proximal end of the femur; both were fixed using suture anchors. Early mobilization was performed, and both, clinical and imaging outcomes, were good two years after surgery.

scholarly journals Somatotype profiles of Slovak and Saudi Arabian male soccer players according to playing positions

Kinesiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Adriana Kaplánová ◽  
Peter Šagát ◽  
Pablo Prieto Gonzalez ◽  
Peter Bartík ◽  
Martin Zvonař
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Central Type ◽  
Almost All

Somatotype of the human body is influenced by many factors. In addition to genetic, there are also environmental factors and cultural differences. The aim of this study was to compare the morphological configuration of men’s body of Slovak and Saudi Arabian soccer players and find out the differences between soccer players in different the playing positions . The study sample consisted of 50 Slovak soccer players aged 19-26 years (21.28±1.46), including 18 defenders, 13 forwards, six goalkeepers, and 13 midfielders, and 50 Saudi Arabian soccer players aged 18-25 years (20.12±1.77), including 16 defenders, 20 forwards, four goalkeepers, and 10 midfielders. The used Heath-Carter method categorize people into 13 groups according to the predominant physical component. The results indicated that soccer players differed among themselves according to playing positions. Slovak defenders and forwards were balanced mesomorphs, Slovak goalkeepers were endomorphic mesomorphs and central type was the predominant in Slovak midfielders. Almost all Saudi Arabian soccer players were predominantly mesomorph-endomorphs, with the exception of the defenders who were endomorphic mesomorphs. On average, the predominant somatotype of Slovak soccer players was balanced mesomorph (2-8,4-1,2-4), and of Saudi Arabian soccer players mesomorph-endomorph (3-8,4-3,1-4). It seems that the somatotype of soccer players varies depending on the country as well as the playing position. Therefore, it is necessary to examine anthropometry also with regard to geographical and cultural differences. In addition, regular evaluation of soccer player’s somatotype can help coaches implement exercise elements that would probably increase players’ sports performance.

A Study of Collagen Crimp Pattern in the Bovine Anterior and Posterior Medial Meniscal Horn Attachments

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Villegas ◽  
William Dehlin ◽  
Tammy L. Haut Donahue
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Tibial Plateau ◽  
Ultimate Strain ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Joint Lubrication ◽  
Meniscal Attachments ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies ◽  
Femoral Condyles

Menisci are fibrocartilagenous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateau that aid in joint lubrication and stability in the knee joint. Previous experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the meniscal horn attachments, which serve as the transition from mensical fibrocartilage into subchondral bone, are important for proper meniscal function [1–3]. Meniscal attachments did not show significant differences in surface mechanical properties such as ultimate strain or moduli, however, there were significant differences in overall behavior of the anterior versus posterior attachments [4]. No significant differences in creep or stress relaxation properties were found between the different meniscal attachments [5].

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