scholarly journals Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury in US Military Academy Cadet Basic Training: A Survival Analysis Evaluating Sex, History of Injury, and Body Mass Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 232596712110398
Author(s):  
Darren W. Hearn ◽  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
Erik A. Wikstrom ◽  
Donald L. Goss ◽  
Kenneth L. Cameron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injury ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Basic Training ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
History Of

Background: Injury incidence for physically active populations with a high volume of physical load can exceed 79%. There is little existing research focused on timing of injury and how that timing differs based on certain risk factors. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to report both the incidence and timing of lower extremity injuries during cadet basic training. We hypothesized that women, those with a history of injury, and those in underweight and obese body mass index (BMI) categories would sustain lower extremity musculoskeletal injury earlier in the training period than men, those without injury history, and those in the normal-weight BMI category. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Cadets from the class of 2022, arriving in 2018, served as the study population. Baseline information on sex and injury history was collected via questionnaire, and BMI was calculated from height and weight taken during week 1 at the United States Military Academy. Categories were underweight (BMI <20), middleweight (20-29.99), and obese (≥30). Injury surveillance was performed over the first 60 days of training via electronic medical record review and monitoring. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate group differences in time to the first musculoskeletal injury. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). Results: A total of 595 cadets participated. The cohort was 76.8% male, with 29.9% reporting previous injury history and 93.3% having a BMI between 20 and 30. Overall, 16.3% of cadets (12.3% of male cadets and 29.7% of female cadets) experienced an injury during the follow-up period. Women experienced significantly greater incident injury than did men ( P < .001). Separation of survival curves comparing the sexes and injury history occurred at weeks 3 and 4, respectively. Hazards for first musculoskeletal injury were significantly greater for women versus men (HR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.76-3.94) and for those who reported a history of injury versus no injury history (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.18-2.64). No differences were observed between BMI categories. Conclusion: Female cadets and those reporting previous musculoskeletal injury demonstrated a greater hazard of musculoskeletal injury during cadet basic training. This study did not observe an association between BMI and injury.

Body phenotypes and sexual maturation in Brazilian and US adolescents: evidence for a change in body mass index Category

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jéssica Cumpian Silva ◽  
Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi ◽  
Francisco de Assis Guedes Vasconcelos ◽  
Maria Alice Altenburg Assis ◽  
Camila Medeiros Mazzeti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio

ABSTRACT Objective: Our study aimed to describe body phenotypes (BP) estimated by multivariate analysis and their association with body mass. Design: Body phenotypes were defined based on demographic variables, anthropometric data (body mass, height, skinfolds and circumferences), body composition (phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis), biochemical parameters (triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol ratio/Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), haemoglobin and sexual maturation (pubic hair and breasts or gonads). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to verify the differences between skin colour and the stages of pubertal development, body phenotypes, body composition, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. Setting: Cities of São Paulo-SP, Piracicaba-SP and Florianópolis-SC from Brazil and the United States. Participants: 9269 adolescents aged between 10 to 15 years old. Results: The composition of BP was similar in all surveys, which are: BP1 was composed by skinfolds, body mass and circumferences variables; BP2 by pubic hair, breast in girls or gonad in boys, height and age; BP3 by cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose; and BP4 by phase angle, haemoglobin and glucose (negative loading). There was a strong correlation (r = 0.9, p <0.001) between BP1 and body mass index. Conclusion: We highlighted independence observed between biochemical parameters, anthropometry, body composition and sexual maturation. BP may support the calculation of scores for diagnosis of obesity based on anthropometric variables and overcome ambiguity in the isolated use of body mass index.

scholarly journals Trends in obesity and adiposity measures by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States 2011-18: population based study

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n365
Author(s):  
Buyun Liu ◽  
Yang Du ◽  
Yuxiao Wu ◽  
Linda G Snetselaar ◽  
Robert B Wallace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the trends in obesity and adiposity measures, including body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and lean mass, by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States from 2011 to 2018.DesignPopulation based study.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-18.ParticipantsA nationally representative sample of US adults aged 20 years or older.Main outcome measuresWeight, height, and waist circumference among adults aged 20 years or older were measured by trained technicians using standardized protocols. Obesity was defined as body mass index of 30 or higher for non-Asians and 27.5 or higher for Asians. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of 102 cm or larger for men and 88 cm or larger for women. Body fat percentage and lean mass were measured among adults aged 20-59 years by using dual energy x ray absorptiometry.ResultsThis study included 21 399 adults from NHANES 2011-18. Body mass index was measured for 21 093 adults, waist circumference for 20 080 adults, and body fat percentage for 10 864 adults. For the overall population, age adjusted prevalence of general obesity increased from 35.4% (95% confidence interval 32.5% to 38.3%) in 2011-12 to 43.4% (39.8% to 47.0%) in 2017-18 (P for trend<0.001), and age adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 54.5% (51.2% to 57.8%) in 2011-12 to 59.1% (55.6% to 62.7%) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.02). Age adjusted mean body mass index increased from 28.7 (28.2 to 29.1) in 2011-12 to 29.8 (29.2 to 30.4) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.001), and age adjusted mean waist circumference increased from 98.4 cm (97.4 to 99.5 cm) in 2011-12 to 100.5 cm (98.9 to 102.1 cm) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.01). Significant increases were observed in body mass index and waist circumference among the Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic Asian groups (all P for trend<0.05), but not for the non-Hispanic black group. For body fat percentage, a significant increase was observed among non-Hispanic Asians (30.6%, 29.8% to 31.4% in 2011-12; 32.7%, 32.0% to 33.4% in 2017-18; P for trend=0.001), but not among other racial or ethnic groups. The age adjusted mean lean mass decreased in the non-Hispanic black group and increased in the non-Hispanic Asian group, but no statistically significant changes were found in other racial or ethnic groups.ConclusionsAmong US adults, an increasing trend was found in obesity and adiposity measures from 2011 to 2018, although disparities exist among racial or ethnic groups.

Examination of Sleep and Obesity in Children and Adolescents in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 089011712110291
Author(s):  
Puneet Kaur Chehal ◽  
Livvy Shafer ◽  
Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Child Height ◽  
Nationally Representative

Purpose: This study contributes to the growing literature on the association between sleep and obesity by examining the associations between hours of sleep, consistency of bedtime, and obesity among children in the US. Design: Analysis of a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized children from the 2016-17 National Survey of Children’s Health. Setting: US, national. Subjects: Children ages 10-17 years (n = 34,640) Measures: Parent reported weeknight average hours of sleep and consistency of bedtime. Body mass index classified as underweight, normal, overweight or obesity using parent-reported child height and weight information, classified using CDC BMI-for-Age Growth Charts. Analysis: Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between measures of sleep and body mass index weight category adjusting for individual, household and neighborhood characteristics. Results: An additional hour of sleep was associated with 10.8% lower odds of obesity, net of consistency in bedtime. After controlling for sleep duration, children who usually went to bed at the same time on weeknights had lower odds of obesity (24.8%) relative to children who always went to bed at the same time. Conclusion: Sleep duration is predictive of lower odds of obesity in US children and adolescents. Some variability in weeknight bedtime is associated with lower odds of obesity, though there were no additional benefits to extensive variability in bedtime.

scholarly journals Clinical Study of Postoperative Bleeding after Tonsillectomy in 497 Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. e17-e20
Author(s):  
Takeshi Tanaka ◽  
Kenji Ishii ◽  
Kyoko Matsumoto ◽  
Koushirou Miura ◽  
Ayako Kihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Postoperative Bleeding ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
History Of

AbstractWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 497 patients who underwent tonsillectomy at Kamio Memorial Hospital from September 2015 to August 2018. A total of 35 cases (7.0%) developed postoperative bleeding and three cases (0.6%) needed a second operation under general anesthesia to stop the bleeding. Postoperative bleeding most frequently occurred between 24 hours and 6 days after the operation. The incidence of postoperative bleeding was significantly higher in males and in patients aged 20 to 39 years old. The operation time, body mass index, smoking habit, and history of hypertension were not identified as clinical risk factors for bleeding after tonsillectomy in this study.

Limitations of body mass index for counseling individuals with unilateral lower extremity amputation

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra P Frost ◽  
Tracy Norman Giest ◽  
Allison A Ruta ◽  
Teresa K Snow ◽  
Mindy Millard-Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Limb Loss ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
X Ray

Background: Body composition is important for health screening, but appropriate methods for unilateral lower extremity amputees have not been validated. Objectives: To compare body mass index adjusted using Amputee Coalition equations (body mass index–Amputee Coalition) to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in unilateral lower limb amputees. Study design: Cross-sectional, experimental. Methods: Thirty-eight men and women with lower limb amputations (transfemoral, transtibial, hip disarticulation, Symes) participated. Body mass index (mass/height2) was compared to body mass index corrected for limb loss (body mass index–Amputee Coalition). Accuracy of classification and extrapolation of percent body fat with body mass index was compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Body mass index–Amputee Coalition increased body mass index (by ~ 1.1 kg/m2) but underestimated and mis-classified 60% of obese and overestimated 100% of lean individuals according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Estimated mean percent body fat (95% confidence interval) from body mass index–Amputee Coalition (28.3% (24.9%, 31.7%)) was similar to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry percent body fat (29.5% (25.2%, 33.7%)) but both were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) than percent body fat estimated from uncorrected body mass index (23.6% (20.4%, 26.8%)). However, total errors for body mass index and body mass index–Amputee Coalition converted to percent body fat were unacceptably large (standard error of the estimate = 6.8%, 6.2% body fat) and the discrepancy between both methods and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was inversely related ( r = −0.59 and r = −0.66, p < 0.05) to the individual’s level of body fatness. Conclusions: Body mass index (despite correction) underestimates health risk for obese patients and overestimates lean, muscular individuals with lower limb amputation. Clinical relevance Clinical recommendations for an ideal body mass based on body mass index–Amputee Coalition should not be relied upon in lower extremity amputees. This is of particular concern for obese lower extremity amputees whose health risk might be significantly underestimated based on body mass index despite a “correction” formula for limb loss.

scholarly journals Natural history ofMycobacterium aviumcomplex lung disease in untreated patients with stable course

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1600537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji An Hwang ◽  
Sunyoung Kim ◽  
Kyung-Wook Jo ◽  
Tae Sun Shim
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Initial Diagnosis ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
Sputum Conversion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Sputum ◽  
Systemic Symptoms

Little is known about the long-term natural history ofMycobacterium aviumcomplex lung disease (MAC-LD) in untreated patients with stable course.The aim of this study was to investigate the natural course of untreated stable MAC-LD, with a focus on factors associated with clinical deterioration, spontaneous sputum conversion and prognosis.Of 488 patients diagnosed with MAC-LD between 1998 and 2011, 305 patients (62.5%) showed progressive MAC-LD resulting in treatment initiation within 3 years of diagnosis and 115 patients (23.6%) exhibited stable MAC-LD for at least 3 years with a median follow-up duration of 5.6 years. Patients with stable MAC-LD were more likely to have higher body mass index and less systemic symptoms at initial diagnosis compared with patients with progressive MAC-LD, while positive sputum acid-fast bacilli smear, fibrocavitary type and more extensive disease in radiological findings were more associated with progressive MAC-LD. Of the untreated patients with stable MAC-LD, 51.6% underwent spontaneous sputum conversion, with younger age, higher body mass index and negative sputum acid-fast bacilli smear at initial diagnosis found to be predictors of this occurrence.Advanced age, fibrocavitary type and abnormal pulmonary function were negative prognostic factors for survival in patients with stable MAC-LD.

Natural history of body mass index in Williams-Beuren syndrome

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pankau ◽  
C.-J. Partsch ◽  
A. Neblung ◽  
A. Gosch ◽  
A. Wessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
History Of

Abdominal Circumference Versus Body Mass Index as Predictors of Lower Extremity Overuse Injury Risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel S. Nye ◽  
Drew S. Kafer ◽  
Cara Olsen ◽  
David H. Carnahan ◽  
Paul F. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Overuse Injury ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Abdominal Circumference

scholarly journals Interpregnancy Body Mass Index Changes: Distribution and Impact on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the Subsequent Pregnancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (05) ◽  
pp. 517-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Bender ◽  
Adi Hirshberg ◽  
Lisa Levine
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Subsequent Pregnancy ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Objective To examine the change in body mass index (BMI) categories between pregnancies and its effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with two consecutive deliveries from 2005 to 2010. Analysis was limited to women with BMI recorded at <24 weeks for both pregnancies. Standard BMI categories were used. Adverse pregnancy outcomes included preterm birth at <37 weeks, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), pregnancy-related hypertension, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Women with increased BMI category between pregnancies were compared with those who remained in the same BMI category. Results In total, 537 women were included, of whom 125 (23%) increased BMI category. There was no association between increase in BMI category and risk of preterm birth, IUGR, or pregnancy-related hypertension. Women who increased BMI category had an increased odds of GDM compared with women who remained in the same BMI category (6.4 vs. 2.2%; p = 0.018). The increased risk remained after controlling for age, history of GDM, and starting BMI (adjusted odds ratio: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.1–32.7; p = 0.003). Conclusion Almost one-quarter of women increased BMI categories between pregnancies. This modifiable risk factor has a significant impact on the risk of GDM.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index and Depressive Symptoms: Testing for Adverse and Protective Associations in Two Twin Cohort Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Venla Berg ◽  
Karri Silventoinen ◽  
G. David Batty ◽  
Archana Singh-Manoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mz Twins ◽  
Pair Analysis

Studies have suggested both adverse and protective associations of obesity with depressive symptoms. We examined the contribution of environmental and heritable factors in this association. Participants were same-sex twin pairs from two population-based twin cohort studies, the Older Finnish Twin Cohort (n = 8,215; mean age = 44.1) and the US Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS; n = 1,105; mean age = 45.1). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Depressive symptoms were assessed using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI; Finnish Twin Cohort), and by negative and positive affect scales (MIDUS). In the Finnish Twin Cohort, higher BMI was associated with higher depressive symptoms in monozygotic (MZ) twins (B = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.0) and dizygotic (DZ) twins (B = 1.17, 0.5, 1.9) with BMI >22. This association was observed in within-pair analysis in DZ twins (B = 1.47, CI = 0.4, 2.6) but not in within-pair analysis of MZ twins (B = 0.03, CI = -1.9, 2.0). Consistent with the latter result, a bivariate genetic model indicated that the association between higher BMI and higher depressive symptoms was largely mediated by genetic factors. The results of twin-pair analysis and bivariate genetic model were replicated in the MIDUS sample. These findings suggest an association between obesity and higher depressive symptoms, which is largely explained by shared heritable biological mechanisms.

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