scholarly journals Acute electronic vapour product whole aerosol exposure of 3D human bronchial tissue results in minimal cellular and transcriptomic responses when compared to cigarette smoke

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732098849
Author(s):  
Gary Phillips ◽  
Lukasz Czekala ◽  
Holger P Behrsing ◽  
Khalid Amin ◽  
Jessica Budde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Aerosol Exposure ◽  
Cell Culture Systems ◽  
Computational Sciences ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Reduced Toxicity

The use of electronic vapour products (EVPs) continues to increase worldwide and with advances in cell culture systems, molecular biology and the computational sciences there is also accumulating evidence of their potential reduced toxicity and reduced potential harm when compared to cigarette smoke. To further understand the potential risks and health effects associated with exposure to EVP aerosols we have assessed the cellular and transcriptomic response from a commercially available lung tissue culture system (MucilAirTM) following a single sub-cytotoxic exposure to cigarette smoke and the equivalent nicotine delivered dose of EVP aerosol. The transcriptomic, cellular (cilia beat frequency (CBF) and percent active area (%AA), trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), histology) and cytokine release were assessed at 4- and 48- hours following recovery from air, EVP aerosol (8.4% V/V: mybluTM blueberry flavour, 2.4% nicotine) and 3R4F smoke (3.5% V/V: exposure). No pathological changes were observed at either recovery time point from any exposure. Air and EVP aerosol exposure had no effect on CBF, %AA nor TEER at 48 hours. Exposure to cigarette smoke resulted in a decrease in TEER, an increase in CBF and the release of proinflammatory cytokines at both recovery time points. Although the number of significantly expressed genes was minimal following exposure to EVP aerosol, exposure to 3R4F smoke resulted in a significant upregulation of several disease relevant pathways. These data provide evidence that following an acute exposure to EVP aerosol there is significantly less damage to lung cells in culture than the equivalent, nicotine based, dose of cigarette smoke.

scholarly journals Healthy, safe and responsible: the modern female traveller

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmgard L. Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Travel Information ◽  
Travel Health ◽  
Mental Health Issues ◽  
Potential Risks

AbstractOne-half of all travellers are women; yet, there is a distinct lack of detailed travel health knowledge on topics of unique relevance to women. While there is medical advice relating to stages in the female lifecycle, it neglects women-specific practical aspects despite their ability to harm travellers’ health and cause inconvenience. This paper discusses comprehensively three major aspects of travel as they relate to women. First, it suggests the management of personal hygiene, bodily functions, menstruation and sexual behaviour, and alerts to the limited knowledge on travel mental health issues.Second, apart from travelling in a female body with its specific demands, being a woman requires special attention to safety and security. Within various travel contexts, women have many opportunities for minimising potential risks.Finally, guided by travel medicine’s acknowledgment of its role in the concept of responsible travel, this article goes beyond the usual general statements and broad advice and offers detailed and practical suggestions on how the female traveller can contribute to the overall goal of minimising any potential harm to fellow humans and the natural environment. Recognising the scarcity of women-specific travel information, pathways to better education, and a range of suggestions for urgent research facilitate the provision of high-quality travel health care tailored specifically to women’s needs.

Caprica Energy and Its Choices

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Jared D. Harris ◽  
Samuel E. Bodily ◽  
Jenny Mead ◽  
Donald Adolphson ◽  
Brad Carmack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Coalbed Methane ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Natural Gas Development ◽  
Unconventional Natural Gas ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Different Parts

Jane Barrow, CEO of Caprica Energy, must recommend to the board which of three potential “unconventional ” natural-gas development sites in different parts of the United States the company should pursue. The case takes place in January 2011, when the “low-hanging fruit ” of natural-gas production in the United States had essentially been picked. All three of the potential sites (shale, coalbed methane, and tight sands) would require hydraulic fracturing, a process of removing gas that was formerly considered inaccessible by injecting water and chemicals into the ground. Because of emerging concerns about the potential harm “fracking ” can do to drinking water, Barrow must not only analyze which site might be most profitable but also what the potential risks to the environment and area residents might be.

The Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Porcine Airway Epithelium

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Darrell D. Morgan ◽  
Anthony G. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Airway Epithelium ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Periodic Movement

Cephalad pulmonary mucociliary clearance driven by cilia of the ciliated airway epithelium provides probably the most important line of defense against inhaled toxins and particulate material for organs of the thoracic cavity. We demonstrate the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and the endoplasmic reticulum of airway epithelial cells upon cigarette smoke inhalation by employing DIC, LSCM, TEM and widefield fluorescence microscopy and have correlated this reorganization to changes in ciliary beat frequency (CBF) via FFT analysis. Neonatal pigs were used to provided healthy tracheal epithelial tissue. Exposure to cigarette smoke causes rapid ultrastructural changes including: ciliary distortion and detachment, ciliary abscission and severe alteration in endoplasmic reticulum structure suggesting profound disruption of essential membrane-cytoskeletal linkages.To examine changes in CBF we describe a simple approach, using a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) and an analog-to-digital computer converter/analyzer for the acquisition of data from biological systems that undergo rapid periodic movement, such as ciliary motion.

scholarly journals Comparative assessment of electronic nicotine delivery systems aerosol and cigarette smoke on endothelial cell migration: the Replica Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Caruso ◽  
Rosalia Emma ◽  
Alfio Distefano ◽  
Sonja Rust ◽  
Konstantinos Poulas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Endothelial Cell Migration ◽  
Migration Inhibition ◽  
Aerosol Exposure ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Cigarette smoking is associated with impairment of repair mechanisms necessary for vascular endothelium homeostasis. Reducing the exposure to smoke toxicants may result in the mitigation of the harmful effect on the endothelium and cardiovascular disease development. Previous investigations performed by the tobacco industries evaluated in vitro the effect of electronic cigarette (e-cig) compared to cigarette smoke demonstrating a significant reduction in endothelial cell migration inhibition following e-cig aerosol exposure. In the present study, we replicated one of these studies, evaluating the effects of cigarette smoke on endothelial cell migration compared to e-cig and heated tobacco products. We used a multi-center approach (ring-study) to verify the robustness and reliability of the results obtained in the replicated study. Consistently with the original study, we observed a substantial reduction of the effects of e-cig and tobacco heated products on endothelial cell migration compared to cigarette smoke. In conclusion, our study further confirms the importance of e-cig and tobacco heated products as a possible harm reduction strategy for cardiovascular diseases development in smokers.

scholarly journals Cigarette and ENDS preparations differentially regulate ion channels and mucociliary clearance in primary normal human bronchial 3D cultures

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. L295-L302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael E. Rayner ◽  
Patrudu Makena ◽  
Gaddamanugu L. Prasad ◽  
Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channel ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Beat Frequency ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
3D Cultures ◽  
Channel Function ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
Normal Human

Cigarette smoking is known to disrupt the normal mucociliary function of the lungs, whereas the effect of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is not completely understood. This study aimed to compare the effects of acute exposure of primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) 3D cultures at air-liquid interface to combustible cigarette and ENDS preparations on mucociliary function, including ion channel function, ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and airway surface liquid (ASL) height. Differentiated NHBE cultures were exposed to whole smoke-conditioned media (WS-CM) or total particulate matter (TPM) prepared from 3R4F reference cigarettes, whole aerosol-conditioned media (ACM) or e-TPM generated from a marketed ENDS product, or nicotine alone. We found that a dose of 7 μg/mL equi-nicotine units of cigarette TPM and WS-CM significantly decreased cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function, which regulates fluid homeostasis in the lung. Conversely, higher (56 µg/mL) equi-nicotine units of ENDS preparations or nicotine alone had no effect on CFTR and ENaC function. Despite a significant decrease in ion channel function, cigarette smoke preparations did not alter CBF and ASL. Similarly, ENDS preparations and nicotine alone had no effect on ASL and CBF. This study demonstrates that acute exposures of cigarette smoke preparations exert a notable inhibitory effect on CFTR and ENaC function compared with ENDS preparations. In summary, the functional assays described herein are potentially useful for tobacco product evaluations.

Comparison of the cardiac effects of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure with waterpipe and combustible cigarette smoke exposure in rats

Life Sciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 117644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadia Mayyas ◽  
Hala Aldawod ◽  
Karem H. Alzoubi ◽  
Omar Khabour ◽  
Alan Shihadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Cardiac Effects ◽  
Aerosol Exposure

scholarly journals Linking increased airway hydration, ciliary beating, and mucociliary clearance through ENaC inhibition

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (1) ◽  
pp. L22-L32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika B. M. Åstrand ◽  
Martin Hemmerling ◽  
James Root ◽  
Cecilia Wingren ◽  
Jelena Pesic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Compound A

Airway dehydration causes mucus stasis and bacterial overgrowth in cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis (CB). Rehydration by hypertonic saline is efficacious but suffers from a short duration of action. We tested whether epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibition would rehydrate normal and dehydrated airways to increase mucociliary clearance (MCC) over a significant time frame. For this, we used a tool compound (Compound A), which displays nanomolar ENaC affinity and retention in the airway surface liquid (ASL). Using normal human bronchial epithelial cultures (HBECs) grown at an air-liquid interface, we evaluated in vitro potency and efficacy using short-circuit current ( Isc) and ASL height measurements where it inhibited Isc and increased ASL height by ∼50% (0.052 μM at 6 h), respectively. The in vivo efficacy was investigated in a modified guinea pig tracheal potential difference model, where we observed an effective dose (ED50) of 5 μg/kg (i.t.), and by MCC measures in rats and sheep, where we demonstrated max clearance rates at 100 μg/kg (i.t.) and 75 μg/kg (i.t.), respectively. Acute cigarette smoke-induced ASL height depletion in HBECs was used to mimic the situation in patients with CB, and pretreatment prevented both cigarette smoke-induced ASL dehydration and lessened the decrease in ciliary beat frequency. Furthermore, when added after cigarette smoke exposure, Compound A increased the rate of ASL rehydration. In conclusion, Compound A demonstrated significant effects and a link between increased airway hydration, ciliary function, and MCC. These data support the hypothesis that ENaC inhibition may be efficacious in the restoration of mucus hydration and transport in patients with CB.

scholarly journals Exposure to Secondhand Heated-Tobacco-Product Aerosol May Cause Similar Incidence of Asthma Attack and Chest Pain to Secondhand Cigarette Exposure: The JASTIS 2019 Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1766
Author(s):  
Yuki Imura ◽  
Takahiro Tabuchi
Keyword(s):  
Chest Pain ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Subjective Symptoms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Eye Pain ◽  
Aerosol Exposure ◽  
Asthma Attack

Although secondhand cigarette smoke is known to cause various health consequences, even the short-term effects of exposure to secondhand heated-tobacco-product (HTP) aerosol are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine short-term symptoms related to secondhand HTP aerosol exposure. An internet-based self-reported questionnaire survey was conducted in 2019 as a part of the Japan Society and New Tobacco Internet Survey (JASTIS) study. In total, 8784 eligible respondents aged 15–73 years were analyzed. We examined the frequency (%) of secondhand combustible cigarette smoke and HTP aerosol exposure, and the exposure-related subjective symptoms (sore throat, cough, asthma attack, chest pain, eye pain, nausea, headache, and other symptoms). Overall, 56.8% of those exposed to secondhand cigarette smoke had any subjective symptoms, compared to 39.5% of those exposed to HTP aerosol. Asthma attack and chest pain were reported more frequently when associated with secondhand HTP exposure (10.9 and 11.8%, respectively) than with secondhand cigarette smoke exposure (8.4 and 9.9%, respectively). Sore throat, cough, eye pain, nausea, and headache were also more frequently reported when associated with secondhand cigarette smoke than with secondhand HTP exposure. This is the first study to examine severe subjective symptoms such as asthma attacks and chest pains, and to suggest that respiratory and cardiovascular abnormalities could be related to secondhand heated-tobacco-product aerosol exposure. Further careful investigations are necessary.

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