Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 beta beta protein in olfactory and supporting cells of lamb olfactory epithelium.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1825-1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
M G Rambotti ◽  
C Saccardi ◽  
A Spreca ◽  
M C Aisa ◽  
I Giambanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
S 100

By immunocytochemistry, we have identified two novel cell types, olfactory and supporting cells of lamb olfactory epithelium, expressing S-100 beta beta protein. S-100 immune reaction product was observed on ciliary and plasma membranes, on axonemes and in the cytoplasm adjacent to plasma membranes and to basal bodies of olfactory vesicles. A brief treatment of olfactory mucosae with Triton X-100 before fixation is necessary for detection of S-100 beta beta protein within olfactory vesicles. In the absence of such a treatment, the immune reaction product is restricted to ciliary and plasma membranes. On the other hand, irrespective of pre-treatment of olfactory mucosae, S-100 beta immune reaction product in supporting cells is restricted to microvillar and plasma membranes. The anti-S-100 beta antiserum used in these studies does not bind to basal cells of the olfactory epithelium or to cells of the olfactory glands, whereas it binds to Schwann cells of the olfactory nerve. An anti-S-100 alpha antiserum does not bind to cellular elements of the olfactory mucosa, Schwann cells, or axons of the olfactory nerve. The present data provide, for the first time, evidence for the presence of S-100 beta beta protein in mammalian neurons (olfactory cells).

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical localization of S-100b protein in degenerating and regenerating rat sciatic nerves.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Spreca ◽  
M G Rambotti ◽  
M Rende ◽  
C Saccardi ◽  
M C Aisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Distal Stump ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Regeneration Period ◽  
S 100 ◽  
Similar Images ◽  
Sciatic Nerves

We studied the cellular and subcellular distribution of S-100b protein in normal, crushed, and transected rat sciatic nerves by an immunocytochemical procedure. In uninjured nerves, S-100b protein was restricted to the cytoplasm and membranes of Schwann cells, with no reaction product present in the nucleus or in axons. Similar images were seen from the first to the thirtieth day after the crush in activated Schwann cells during the degeneration period, i.e., up to the seventh post-lesion day, and in normal Schwann cells reappearing during the regeneration period, i.e., after the seventh post-lesion day, in the zone of the crush and proximal and distal to it. By the technique employed, there seemed to be no differences in the intensity of the immune reaction product in normal and activated Schwann cells. Also, similar images were seen in the proximal stump of transected nerves. Only a slight S-100b protein immune reaction product could be observed in the rare activated Schwann cells present in the distal stump around the seventh post-lesion day, the majority of cell types being represented by fibroblasts and elongated cells at this stage and thereafter. By immunochemical assays, similar results as those presented here have been reported and interpreted as indicative of the presence of S-100 protein in axons or, alternatively, of axonal control over expression of S-100 protein in Schwann cells. Our immunocytochemical data clearly show that the strong reduction in the S-100 protein content of the distal stump of transected nerves is owing to the paucity of Schwann cells and to the decrease in the S-100 protein content of these cells, rather than to degeneration of axons.

scholarly journals The Olfactory Mucosa of the Sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean E Kratzing
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Free Edge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Olfactory Mucosa ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Receptor Cells

The olfactory mucosa of the sheep was studied by light and electron microscopy. The epithelium conforms to the general vertebrate pattern and consists of olfactory receptor cells, supporting, and basal cells. The free edge of the epithelium is made up of long microvilli from the supporting cells and olfactory rods of the receptor cells, each carrying 40-50 cilia. All cell types contain large dark granules which may be the site of olfactory pigment. The basement membrane is not visible in light microscopy and is fine and discontinuous in electron microscopy. Bowman's glands are simple, tubular, mucus-secreting glands in the lamina propria. Their cells contain basal granules resembling those in the epithelial cells. The lamina propria also contains bundles of fine, unmyelinated, olfactory nerve fibres which are the proximal continuations of the receptor cells.

The Ultrastructure of the Olfactory Epithelium of the Lamprey Lampetra Fluviatilis

1967 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-602
Author(s):  
R. A. THORNHILL
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Subunit Structure ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Olfactory Cilium

In common with those on other vertebrate olfactory receptors, the short cilia on the sensory cells are arranged in a ring on the tip of the dendrite. The cilia have two distinct regions--a proximal region, having a typical ciliary structure, and a distal region in which only single peripheral fibres are present. One or more basal feet are present, projecting from the basal body of the olfactory cilium. A 40-50 Å subunit structure in the peripheral fibres of the olfactory cilium is described. Numerous microtubules are present in the dendrite and in the basal cells, but are absent from the supporting cells. The supporting cells contain an extensive system of tonofilaments. Junctional complexes are situated between the plasma membranes at the apex of supporting cells and between supporting cells and neurons. Degenerating neurons and supporting cells are present as well as possible regenerating cells. On the basis of this evidence it is postulated that limited cell replacement may occur. It is also postulated that the arrangement of olfactory nerve fibres within the Schwann cell may allow some processing of information to take place at this level by means of electrotonic field effects.

The effects of embryonic retinal neurons on neural crest cell differentiation into Schwann cells

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Smith-Thomas ◽  
A.R. Johnson ◽  
J.W. Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Cell ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Markers ◽  
Ngf Receptor ◽  
S 100 ◽  
The Many

Amongst the many cell types that differentiate from migratory neural crest cells are the Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system. While it has been demonstrated that Schwann cells will not fully differentiate unless in contact with neurons, the factors that cause neural crest cells to enter the differentiative pathway that leads to Schwann cells are unknown. In a previous paper (Development 105: 251, 1989), we have demonstrated that a proportion of morphologically undifferentiated neural crest cells express the Schwann cell markers 217c and NGF receptor, and later, as they acquire the bipolar morphology typical of Schwann cells in culture, express S-100 and laminin. In the present study, we have grown axons from embryonic retina on neural crest cultures to see whether this has an effect on the differentiation of neural crest cells into Schwann cells. After 4 to 6 days of co-culture, many more cells had acquired bipolar morphology and S-100 staining than in controls with no retinal explant, and most of these cells were within 200 microns of an axon, though not necessarily in contact with axons. However, the number of cells expressing the earliest Schwann cell markers 217c and NGF receptor was not affected by the presence of axons. We conclude that axons produce a factor, which is probably diffusible, and which makes immature Schwann cells differentiate. The factor does not, however, influence the entry of neural crest cells into the earliest stages of the Schwann cell differentiative pathway.

Development of folliculo-stellate cells in the human pituitary

1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Coates ◽  
I. Doniach
Keyword(s):  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Stellate Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
S 100

Abstract. The development of the folliculo-stellate cell in human fetal pituitaries has been investigated by immunocytochemical methods for S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acid protein. S-100 positivity was first observed in pars intermedia cells in a 13-week fetus. Staining with this antiserum is seen in cells of the pars distalis after 15 weeks. Glial fibrillary acid protein was not apparent until 18 weeks, when only cells in the pars intermedia were stained. These cells were not seen in the pars distalis before 28 weeks' gestation, but were present in a 39-week specimen and in a 5 day old baby. In most pituitaries examined, cells staining for S-100 and glial fibrillary acid protein were more concentrated in the pars intermedia than the pars distalis. These results suggest that folliculo-stellate cells in the human pituitary originate in the neurally associated facet of the pars intermedia and pass through this lobe to reach the pars distalis. Since these cells stain for glial related antigens, they may be a modified form of glial cell and arise in the neuroectoderm. Evidence for this hypothesis is given by a lack of both S-100 and glial fibrillary acid protein in the pituitaries of three anencephalic pituitaries. Differences in the timing of S-100 and glial fibrillary acid protein immunoreactivity may be related to either developmental aspects of the folliculo-stellate cell, or to the presence of two distinct cell types.

Ultrastructure of Olfactory Epithelia in Mice after Smoke Exposure

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Matulionis
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Morphological Alteration ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Epithelial Surface ◽  
Genetically Determined

Olfactory epithelium from three groups of C57B1/6J and SWR/J mice exposed once or twice daily to 10% cigarette smoke for six or nine days was examined at the ultrastructural level. Olfactory epithelium of SWR/J experimental mice was not affected by cigarette smoke. However, prominent alterations were noted in this epithelium of C57B1/6J smoke treated mice. These alterations included a reduction in size and (possibly) number of olfactory vesicles which sometimes failed to protrude above the epithelial surface and greatly reduced numbers of olfactory vesicle sensory cilia. In the supporting cell population an abnormal electron-lucent cell type was noted among the usually darker types. Both cell types were frequently found protruding abnormally above the epithelial surface. Microvilli of supporting cells were markedly reduced in number. The present study revealed that the olfactory epithelia in all mice of the same strain are not affected equally by acute smoke exposures. In affected animals the degree of morphological alteration suggests that normal olfaction might have been impaired. Strain differences in reaction to smoke insult indicate that susceptibility is genetically determined.

Olfactory epithelium consisting of supporting cells and horizontal basal cells in the posterior nasal cavity of mice

2000 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Suzuki ◽  
Masako Takeda ◽  
Nobuko Obara ◽  
Noriyo Suzuki ◽  
Norihito Takeichi
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Horizontal Basal Cells

scholarly journals OLFACTORY NERVE FIBERS

1956 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert S. Gasser ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Sustentacular Cells ◽  
Physiological Properties

Cross sections of olfactory nerves present a unique appearance. They indicate the presence of large numbers of very small nerve fibers, with a modal diameter of about 0.2 µ and a narrow range for their size variation. From one side of the nasal septum of a pig the yield of fibers was estimated at 6,000,000; the number arising from the turbinates would be considerably larger. The fibers are attached to the membranes of the Schwann sheaths in large bundles through mesaxons longer and more branched than those that have been seen in other nerves. Continuity of the axons between the nerves and the bipolar cells was traced in an examination of the olfactory mucous membrane; and the indication of a one-to-one relationship between cells and axons was reinforced by a comparative count. After the axons leave the bipolar cells they become incased in the central projections of the sustentacular cells. Where the latter come into contact with the basal cells the axons emerge to push back the plasma membranes of the basal cells in the first step in acquiring their nerve sheaths. Later steps are described. When the axons are delivered by the basal cells to the collecting Schwann tubes, they are already aggregated into small bundles with sheaths fundamentally the same as those they will possess until they are delivered to the glia in the olfactory bulb. Some of the aspects of the cytology of the bipolar cells and adjoining sustentacular cells are described. A survey of the physiological properties of olfactory nerve fibers was made in some experiments on the olfactory nerve of the pike. Almost all of the action potential is encompassed within a single elevation, manifesting at its front a conduction velocity of 0.2 m./sec. For a comparison, the last elevation in the C action potential in the sciatic nerve of the frog is cited as an example of conduction at the same velocity. Though expressed through long time constants, the properties of the pike olfactory fibers conform to the generalized schema for properties of vertebrate nerve fibers. This conformity signalizes that they differ from the exceptional properties of the unmedullated fibers of dorsal root origin. An afferent function for unmedullated nerve fibers does not imply that the fibers concerned are alike in their physiological properties.

scholarly journals Transcription factor p63 controls the reserve status but not the stemness of horizontal basal cells in the olfactory epithelium

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (36) ◽  
pp. E5068-E5077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Schnittke ◽  
Daniel B. Herrick ◽  
Brian Lin ◽  
Jesse Peterson ◽  
Julie H. Coleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Horizontal Basal Cells

Adult tissue stem cells can serve two broad functions: to participate actively in the maintenance and regeneration of a tissue or to wait in reserve and participate only when activated from a dormant state. The adult olfactory epithelium, a site for ongoing, life-long, robust neurogenesis, contains both of these functional stem cell types. Globose basal cells (GBCs) act as the active stem cell population and can give rise to all the differentiated cells found in the normal tissue. Horizontal basal cells (HBCs) act as reserve stem cells and remain dormant unless activated by tissue injury. Here we show that HBC activation following injury by the olfactotoxic gas methyl bromide is coincident with the down-regulation of protein 63 (p63) but anticipates HBC proliferation. Gain- and loss-of-function studies show that this down-regulation of p63 is necessary and sufficient for HBC activation. Moreover, activated HBCs give rise to GBCs that persist for months and continue to act as bona fide stem cells by participating in tissue maintenance and regeneration over the long term. Our analysis provides mechanistic insight into the dynamics between tissue stem cell subtypes and demonstrates that p63 regulates the reserve state but not the stem cell status of HBCs.

scholarly journals Cholinergic microvillous cells in the mouse main olfactory epithelium and effect of acetylcholine on olfactory sensory neurons and supporting cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 1274-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Ogura ◽  
Steven A. Szebenyi ◽  
Kurt Krosnowski ◽  
Aaron Sathyanesan ◽  
Jacqueline Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium

The mammalian olfactory epithelium is made up of ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), supporting cells, basal cells, and microvillous cells. Previously, we reported that a population of nonneuronal microvillous cells expresses transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5). Using transgenic mice and immunocytochemical labeling, we identify that these cells are cholinergic, expressing the signature markers of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. This result suggests that acetylcholine (ACh) can be synthesized and released locally to modulate activities of neighboring supporting cells and OSNs. In Ca2+ imaging experiments, ACh induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels in 78% of isolated supporting cells tested in a concentration-dependent manner. Atropine, a muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) antagonist suppressed the ACh responses. In contrast, ACh did not induce or potentiate Ca2+ increases in OSNs. Instead ACh suppressed the Ca2+ increases induced by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin in some OSNs. Supporting these results, we found differential expression of mAChR subtypes in supporting cells and OSNs using subtype-specific antibodies against M1 through M5 mAChRs. Furthermore, we found that various chemicals, bacterial lysate, and cold saline induced Ca2+ increases in TRPM5/ChAT-expressing microvillous cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TRPM5/ChAT-expressing microvillous cells react to certain chemical or thermal stimuli and release ACh to modulate activities of neighboring supporting cells and OSNs via mAChRs. Our studies reveal an intrinsic and potentially potent mechanism linking external stimulation to cholinergic modulation of activities in the olfactory epithelium.

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