scholarly journals Detection of DNA adducts in basal and non-basal cells of the hamster trachea exposed to benzo(a)pyrene in organ culture.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 1427-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Roggeband ◽  
P T Van den Berg ◽  
C J Van der Wulp ◽  
R A Baan
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Dna Adducts ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dna Adduct ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Rat Liver Microsomes ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Hamster Trachea

DNA adducts were quantified in hamster tracheas exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BP) in organ culture, in basal as well as in non-basal cells, by in situ detection with an adduct-specific rabbit antiserum (W2/01) and with a mouse monoclonal antibody against human cytokeratins 5 and 8 (RCK102) to identify hamster trachea basal cells. Recognition by W2/01 of the adduct of (+)-anti-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxide of BP (BP-diolepoxide; BPDE) to deoxyguanosine (dG) was checked on human white blood cells (WBCs) exposed to BP together with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-induced rat-liver microsomes. By comparison with the adduct levels determined by 32P post-labeling, a lower detection limit of about 1 adduct per 10(6) nucleotides could be deduced. Next, tracheal rings were exposed to BP (40 microM) in organ culture for 2 days, then washed and cultured without BP for another 3 days. At different time points epithelial cells were isolated and cytospin preparations made. Staining of BP DNA adducts combined with that of cytokeratin (both visualized with fluorescence) allowed detection of adducts in both basal and non-basal cells in the same preparation. BP DNA adduct formation in basal and non-basal cells after 2 days of exposure to BP was not different. However, on removal of BP the adducts disappeared significantly faster from basal cells than from non-basal cells. The combination of the two antibodies mentioned above thus allows selective determination of BP DNA adduct levels in different cell types. This could be of importance with regard to the involvement of specific cell types in the process of tumor initiation.

scholarly journals The LIM Domain Protein Lmo4 Is Highly Expressed in Proliferating Mouse Epithelial Tissues

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Y.M. Sum ◽  
Lorraine A. O'Reilly ◽  
Nadeen Jonas ◽  
Geoffrey J. Lindeman ◽  
Jane E. Visvader
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Terminal End Buds ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Important Regulator

LMO4 belongs to the LIM-only family of zinc finger proteins that have been implicated in oncogenesis. The LMO4 gene is overexpressed in breast cancer and oral cavity carcinomas, and high levels of this protein inhibit mammary epithelial differentiation. Targeted deletion of Lmo4 in mice leads to complex phenotypic abnormalities and perinatal lethality. To further understand the role of LMO4, we have characterized Lmo4 expression in adult mouse tissues by immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal anti-Lmo4 antibodies. Lmo4 was highly expressed within specific cell types in diverse tissues. Expression was prevalent in epithelial-derived tissues, including the mammary gland, tongue, skin, small intestine, lung, and brain. High levels of Lmo4 were frequently observed in proliferating cells, such as the crypt cells of the small intestine and the basal cells of the skin and tongue. Lmo4 was highly expressed in the proliferative cap cell layer of the terminal end buds in the peripubertal mammary gland and in the lobuloalveolar units during pregnancy. The expression profile of Lmo4 suggests that this cofactor is an important regulator of epithelial proliferation and has implications for its role in the pathogenicity of cancer.

Three-Dimensional Time-Lapse Digital Movie Analysis of the Developing Fruit Fly Eye in Organ Culture

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1129-1130
Author(s):  
John Archie Pollock ◽  
Bejon T. Maneckshana ◽  
Teresa E. Leonardo
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Eye Development ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
The Brain

The compound eye of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is composed of a highly ordered array of facets (FIG. 1), each containing a precise set of neurons and supporting cells. The eye arises during the third larval instar from an undifferentiated epithelium, the eye imaginai disc, which is connected to the brain via the optic stalk (FIG. 2). During eye development, movement of the morphogenetic furrow, progressive recruitment of specific cell types and the growth of photoreceptor axons into the brain are each dynamic processes that are routinely studied indirectly in fixed tissues. While stereotyped development and the ‘crystalline’ like structure of the eye facilitates this analysis, certain experiments are hindered by the inability to observe developmental processes as they occur. To overcome this limitation, we have combined organ culture with advanced microscopy tools to enable the observation of eye development in living tissue.

scholarly journals The importance of smell and taste in everyday life: Dysfunction in COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Olivera Stanojlović
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Health Organization

Human-to-human transmission of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) - is characterized by a pandemic exponential rate and the patients with mild to moderate infection have odor and taste problems that represent a new atypical disease. A new viral syndrome of acute anosmia or "new loss of taste or smell" without rhinitis and nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea has been placed on the list of symptoms that may occur 2 to 14 days after exposure to the COVID-19 virus. Two months after declaring the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized changes in the perception of smell and taste as symptoms of this disease. The described cardinal symptoms are more common in the population of young patients and able-bodied people which facilitates the spread of disease. Significantly higher prevalence of patients with COVID-19 who have lost their taste and smell is treated at home (rare hospitalization), lung damage is rare, as well as oxygen therapy with mild lymphopenia. Different scenarios of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection can be assumed: it is probable that the virus does not enter directly into olfactory sensory neurons (they do not have ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors), but it is localized to vascular pericytes and causes inflammatory processes and vasculopathies. On the other hand, direct infection of non-neuronal cells which contain said receptors is possible. Those are specific cell types in the olfactory epithelium such as sustentacular, horizontal basal cells, as well as Bowman's glands, which leads to massive degeneration and loss of olfactory neurons. The sense of taste is a complex sensation that is the result of the interaction of smell, taste, temperature and texture of food. The virus damages cranial nerves, epithelial receptors and blood vessels leading to taste damage (ageusia or dysgeusia). A multidisciplinary approach with epidemiological, clinical and basic research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of sensorineural odor and taste loss caused by coronavirus.

Molecular Dosimetry of DNA Damage Induced by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Relevance for Exposure Monitoring and Risk Assessment

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 880-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Baan ◽  
M.-J.S.T. Steenwinkel ◽  
P.T.M. van den Berg ◽  
R. Roggeband ◽  
J.H.M. van Delft
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Adducts ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Adduct Formation ◽  
Dna Adduct ◽  
Immunochemical Analysis ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) form a large group of organic chemicals that are widely distributed in our environment as pollutants of air, water and soil. Several PAH are carcinogenic in rodents, while exposure to these compounds has been associated with various types of human cancer. Upon entering the body, PAH may be converted into reactive electrophilic species, which can give rise to the formation of DNA adducts. DNA adduct formation is considered to be the initial event in chemical carcinogenesis. In this paper, two methods are illustrated that are widely used to determine PAH-DNA adduct formation, namely 32P-postlabelling, and immunochemical analysis with specific antibodies. The applications of the 32P-postlabelling assay comprise the following: - A study of interspecies differences in PAH bioactivation in vitro, with microsomal preparations isolated from liver tissue of various rodent species and of human origin; the results indicate that there are considerable qualitative differences between the adduct patterns obtained, which is relevant with respect to extrapolation from animal to man. - The analysis of DNA adduct formation in fish retrieved from marine environments polluted to various extents with PAH; results of these studies show a correlation between liver-DNA adduct levels in these fish and the degree of PAH contamination in the aquatic environment. - Biomonitoring of PAH exposure through analysis of adducts in blood cells obtained from heavy and light smokers; the data show a fair correlation between PAH-DNA adduct levels in white blood cells and cotinine content in blood plasma, the latter being used as a marker for exposure to cigarette smoke. The activity of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase M (GSTM1) was also determined in these individuals. Immunochemical analysis with a benzo(a)pyrene(BP)-DNA-specific antiserum was used to investigate BP-adduct induction in situ, in different epithelial cell types—basal/non—basal cells—of hamster trachea exposed to BP in vitro, Histochemical staining of cell-specific cytokeratins was combined with adduct-specific immunostaining. The latter was quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy. The results show that removal of DNA adducts from the basal cells is more rapid during the first 24 h following exposure than from the non-basal cells. The sensitive methods for molecular dosimetry of DNA damage, as illustrated in this paper, appear suitable for determining exposure of animals and humans to PAH. Further animal experiments and in vitro model studies will provide useful additional information that will help evaluate the relevance of biomonitoring data with respect to the health risk that may be associated with the exposure.

scholarly journals Carcinogen: DNA adducts in tobacco smoke-associated cancer of the upper respiratory tract.

1999 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Szyfter ◽  
J Banaszewski ◽  
P Jałoszyński ◽  
M Pabiszczak ◽  
W Szyfter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Adducts ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Dna Adduct ◽  
Tobacco Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tumour Suppressor Genes ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract

Mortality connected with tobacco smoke-associated laryngeal cancer in Poland markedly exceeds the relevant epidemiological data from other European countries. The main groups of genotoxic agents considered as potential carcinogens present in tobacco smoke are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, N-nitrosoamines and reactive oxygen species. Aromatic DNA adducts, N7-alkylated guanosines and oxidative DNA damage derived from tobacco smoke exposure were detected in laryngeal and oral (tumour and non-tumour) biopsies, and white blood cells of cancer subjects. Further, DNA lesions were analysed to estimate the significance of such confounders as intensity of smoking, subject's sex, age, topography of larynx, cancer staging and genetic factor. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was found to be the main determinant of an individual's DNA adduct level. The occurrence of DNA lesions was established as a reliable marker of former exposure to tobacco smoke genotoxicants. On the other hand, a comparison of DNA lesion levels in various regions of larynx indicates limited usefulness of DNA adduct analysis as an estimate of cancer risk. For a better risk estimation one has to take into account DNA lesions in proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes and the efficacy of DNA repair. Altogether, DNA adducts formation and removal has to be considered as a single stage in the multistep carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Different classes of T lymphocytes have different mRNAs for the leukocyte-common antigen, T200.

1986 ◽  
Vol 163 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Lefrancois ◽  
M L Thomas ◽  
M J Bevan ◽  
I S Trowbridge
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Common Antigen ◽  
Leukocyte Common Antigen

The leukocyte common antigen, T200, is expressed on all white blood cells but not on other differentiated cells. Within the hematopoietic lineage, specific cell types display characteristic structural forms of the molecule on their surface. We show that murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones and helper T cell clones contain different size mRNA for this molecule, and that the early precursors of T200 glycoprotein made in the helper and cytotoxic T cells differ in Mr. Thus, in addition to differences in posttranslational modifications, it is highly likely that a difference in protein structure contributes to the distinct forms of T200 glycoprotein found on these functional T cell subsets.

The structure of the gills of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 824-825
Author(s):  
Mohinder S. Jarial
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
Apical Membranes

The axolotl is a strictly aquatic salamander in which the larval external gills are retained throughout life. The external gills of the adult axolotl have been studied by light and electron microscopy for ultrastructural evidence of ionic transport. The thin epidermis of the gill filaments and gill stems is composed of 3 cell types: granular cells, the basal cells and a sparce population of intervening Leydig cells. The gill epidermis is devoid of muscles, and no mitotic figures were observed in any of its cells.The granular cells cover the gill surface as a continuous layer (Fig. 1, G) and contain secretory granules of different forms, located apically (Figs.1, 2, SG). Some granules are found intimately associated with the apical membrane while others fuse with it and release their contents onto the external surface (Fig. 3). The apical membranes of the granular cells exhibit microvilli which are covered by a PAS+ fuzzy coat, termed “glycocalyx” (Fig. 2, MV).

Correlative transmission and high-resolution scanning electron microscopic studies on pituitary cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
S. Tai
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Structure And Activity ◽  
Intracellular Structure

Extensive cytological and histological research, correlated with physiological experimental analysis, have been done on the anterior pituitaries of many different vertebrates which have provided the knowledge to create the concept that specific cell types synthesize, store and release their specific hormones. These hormones are stored in or associated with granules. Nevertheless, there are still many doubts - that need further studies, specially on the ultrastructure and physiology of these endocrine cells during the process of synthesis, transport and secretion, whereas some new methods may provide the information about the intracellular structure and activity in detail.In the present work, ultrastructural study of the hormone-secretory cells of chicken pituitaries have been done by using TEM as well as HR-SEM, to correlate the informations obtained from 2-dimensional TEM micrography with the 3-dimensional SEM topographic images, which have a continous surface with larger depth of field that - offers the adventage to interpretate some intracellular structures which were not possible to see using TEM.

Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-675
Author(s):  
Parasuraman Padmanabhan ◽  
Mathangi Palanivel ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Domokos Máthé ◽  
George K. Radda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), affect the ageing population worldwide and while severely impairing the quality of life of millions, they also cause a massive economic burden to countries with progressively ageing populations. Parallel with the search for biomarkers for early detection and prediction, the pursuit for therapeutic approaches has become growingly intensive in recent years. Various prospective therapeutic approaches have been explored with an emphasis on early prevention and protection, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Many pharmacological interventions have proved to be promising novel avenues, but successful applications are often hampered by the poor delivery of the therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a promising option, as NP-based drug delivery systems can be functionalized to target specific cell surface receptors and to achieve controlled and long-term release of therapeutics to the target tissue. The usefulness of NPs for loading and delivering of drugs has been extensively studied in the context of NDDs, and their biological efficacy has been demonstrated in numerous preclinical animal models. Efforts have also been made towards the development of NPs which can be used for targeting the BBB and various cell types in the brain. The main focus of this review is to briefly discuss the advantages of functionalized NPs as promising theranostic agents for the diagnosis and therapy of NDDs. We also summarize the results of diverse studies that specifically investigated the usage of different NPs for the treatment of NDDs, with a specific emphasis on AD and PD, and the associated pathophysiological changes. Finally, we offer perspectives on the existing challenges of using NPs as theranostic agents and possible futuristic approaches to improve them.

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