Soil evolution and development of the clay mineral assemblages of a Podzol and a Cambisol in ‘Meggerwald’, Switzerland

Clay Minerals ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Egli ◽  
R. Zanelli ◽  
G. Kahr ◽  
A. Mirabella ◽  
P. Fitze
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Soil Evolution ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Haplic Podzol ◽  
Chelating Compounds ◽  
Glacial Tills

AbstractTwo soils, a haplic Podzol and a dystric Cambisol, developed from post-glacial tills, were studied with respect to their soil chemistry and clay mineralogy. Although the state factors (age, geology, topography, climate) of soil formation were almost identical, two different types developed. The E horizon of the Podzol contained more smectite, characterized by a montmorillonite-beidellitemixed phase. The neoformation of smectite could be traced back to the weathering of mica and chlorite. The Podzol had less hydroxy-interlayered smectite (HIS) in the surface horizons than the Cambisol. A larger amount of chelating compounds in the E horizon of the Podzol either transformed HIS into smectites or inhibited the formation of HIS and favoured the formation of smectites. The physical structure of the soil material is believed to be the most important factor in the different modes of soil evolution. The greater abundance of coarse pores in the topsoil at the Podzol site probably led to a faster eluviation of base cations, a different vegetation at ground level, and, consequently, to a faster soil evolution with the formation of spodic horizons.

Genesis of upland soils, Lewes Plateau, central Yukon. Part 2: Soils formed in weathered granitic bedrock

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Dampier ◽  
Paul Sanborn ◽  
Scott Smith ◽  
Jeffrey Bond ◽  
John J. Clague
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Soil Evolution ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Upland Soils ◽  
Plateau Central

Dampier, L., Sanborn, P., Smith, S., Bond, J. and Clague, J. J. 2011. Genesis of upland soils, Lewes Plateau, central Yukon. Part 2: Soils formed in weathered granitic bedrock. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 579–594. Polygenetic soils have formed on weathered granitic bedrock at high elevation (>1200 m asl) beyond the penultimate glacial limit on the Lewes Plateau in central Yukon Territory. Solum thickness in four Brunisols that were examined exceeds the depths of excavated pits (85–110 cm), but data indicate limited chemical weathering. Clay mineralogy is dominated by vermiculite and kaolinite. Smectite and chlorite are present in horizons derived, respectively, from residuum and colluvium. Sola are strongly cryoturbated, in spite of the lack of permafrost at these sites today. Three scenarios are proposed to explain these soils: preservation of relict soil features beneath cold-based ice, prolonged interglacial soil formation following erosion of till deposited by warm-based ice, and ice-free conditions throughout the Quaternary, with soil evolution shaped by multiple glacial-interglacial cycles.

scholarly journals Soil toposequence under man-planted vegetation in the Krkonoše Mts., Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 138-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Penížek ◽  
T. Zádorová
Keyword(s):  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Cover Pattern ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Haplic Podzol ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cover Pattern

Mountainous areas represent regions with specific soil cover pattern that is naturally given by an altitudinal gradient. The objective of our study was to describe the soil cover development on the altitudinal gradient under changed environment given by man-planted vegetation and acidification. The studied area is characterized by spruce monoculture planting that replaced the original broadleaf natural vegetation and high load of anthropic acidification. The common hypothesis considering the sequence of Dystric Cambisol-Entic Podzol-Haplic Podzol with increasing altitude was not proved. The results of our study indicate that the influence of spruce vegetation causes the occurrence of Haplic Podzols at low altitudes where the natural soil formation does not induce their development. Results showed that the vegetation type can overrule other altitude-related soil-forming factors. The conversion of natural broadleaf and mixed forests to spruce monocultures leads to the expansion of podzolization process to lower altitudes.

The clay mineralogy of some tills in the Cambridge district

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (18) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. S. Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
East Anglia

AbstractFour ice advances have been recognised in East Anglia but only two of these, the Lowestoft and the Gipping, have deposited till in the Cambridge area. The clay fractions of these tills have been investigated and compared with those of the Oxford, Ampthill, Kimeridge and Gault Clays, the Lower Greensand and the Chalk, all of which outcrop in the district and could be expected to contribute material to the tills.The value of clay mineralogical analysis as a means of measuring directions of ice-movement is critically discussed.An outline account is given of the more important processes of weathering and soil-formation which occur on the Gipping till in the Breckland area.

scholarly journals Rates of biogeochemical phosphorus and copper redistribution in young floodplain soils

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2949-2956 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Zehetner ◽  
G. J. Lair ◽  
M. Graf ◽  
M. H. Gerzabek
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Soil Age ◽  
Marked Accumulation ◽  
Biogeochemical Transformations

Abstract. Nutrients and trace metals in river-floodplain systems may originate from anthropogenic activities and/or geogenic sources. Here, we analyze a soil chronosequence (2 to approximately 600 years) on a floodplain at the Danube River (Austria) to quantify the rates of P and Cu redistribution among biogeochemical pools during early soil formation under temperate continental climate. While bulk and clay mineralogy remained unchanged over the studied age gradient, we found considerable (mostly non-linear) redistribution of P and Cu among biogeochemical pools. The calcium-associated P and Cu fractions decreased rapidly during the initial decades of soil formation. The dissolution of calcium-associated P was mirrored by marked accumulation of organic P. Copper incorporated within resistant minerals showed a relative enrichment with soil age. The mean dissolution rates of calcium-associated (primary mineral) P decreased exponentially with increasing soil age from ~1.6 g m−2 yr−1 over ~15 years to ~0.04 g m−2 yr−1 over ~550 years, and were almost an order of magnitude higher than rates reported for tropical environments. Our study demonstrates that on riverine floodplains, rapid biogeochemical transformations can occur within the first centuries of soil formation under temperate climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Insights into biogeochemical cycling from a soil evolution model and long-term chronosequences

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5811-5868 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Johnson ◽  
M. Gloor ◽  
M. J. Kirkby ◽  
J. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Evolution Model ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Soil Evolution

Abstract. Despite the importance of soil processes for global biogeochemical cycles, our capability for predicting soil evolution over geological timescales is poorly constrained. We attempt to probe our understanding and predictive capability of this evolutionary process by developing a mechanistic soil evolution model, based on an existing model framework, and comparing the predictions with observations from soil chronosequences in Hawaii. Our soil evolution model includes the major processes of pedogenesis: mineral weathering, percolation of rainfall, leaching of solutes, surface erosion, bioturbation and vegetation interactions and can be applied to various bedrock compositions and climates. The specific properties the model simulates over timescales of tens to hundreds of thousand years are, soil depth, vertical profiles of elemental composition, soil solution pH and organic carbon distribution. We demonstrate with this model the significant role that vegetation plays in accelerating the rate of weathering and hence soil profile development. Comparisons with soils that have developed on Hawaiian basalts reveal a remarkably good agreement with Na, Ca and Mg profiles suggesting that the model captures well the key components of soil formation. Nevertheless, differences between modelled and observed K and P are substantial. The fact that these are important plant nutrients suggests that a process likely missing from our model is the active role of vegetation in selectively acquiring nutrients. This study therefore indirectly indicates the valuable role that vegetation can play in accelerating the weathering and thus release of these globally important nutrients into the biosphere.

Impacts of clay mineralogy and physiographic units on the distribution of potassium forms in calcareous soils in Iran

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rezapour ◽  
A. A. Jafarzadeh ◽  
A. Samadi ◽  
S. Oustan
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Piedmont Plain ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
North West ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

AbstractThe potassium pools of five major physiographic units of the Urmia region situated in western Azerbaijan province, north-west Iran, were studied to determine the distribution of K forms as functions of clay mineralogy and physiographic units. Soil samples from horizons of ten pedons were selected and analysed for physiochemical properties, clay mineralogy and forms of K. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the soils were similar in clay-mineral compositions, consisting of illite, smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite, for the different physiographic units, but vary in the relative amounts of these minerals. The illite content was highest in piedmont plain (P.P) followed by plateau (Pl), river alluvial plain (R.A.P), colluvial alluvial plain (C.A.R) and lowland (L.L) units. Smectite content was highest in Pl followed by P.P, L.L, R.A.P and C.A.P units. Several processes, such as the diversity of weathering rate, biocyclying processes of K accumulation, geomorphologic conditions and soil formation processes, caused significant differences in most K forms in the soils. A wide variation in total K (HF-extractable K) (0.54–1.1%), non-exchangeable K (280–450 mg kg–1) and exchangeable K (217–330 mg kg–1) occurred among the physiographic units, corresponding to variations in their mineralogical compositions, mainly the abundance of illite. Significant differences (P ⩽ 0.05) were found for K, HNO3-extractable K and non-exchangeable K between the soils with large illite contents (30–50%) and with small illite contents (10–30%). A significant positive relationship existed between mineral K and illite content (r2 = 0.85, P ⩽ 0.001) and non-exchangeable K and illite content (r2 = 0.84, P ⩽ 0.001). The results indicated that these pools of K are mainly released from the frayed edges and wedge zones of illite.

Quantitative clay mineralogy of a Vertic Planosol in southwestern Ethiopia: Impact on soil formation hypotheses

Geoderma ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 214-215 ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathijs Dumon ◽  
Alemayehu Regassa Tolossa ◽  
Boris Capon ◽  
Christophe Detavernier ◽  
Eric Van Ranst
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Southwestern Ethiopia
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