A method to eliminate the background in X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented clay mineral samples

Clay Minerals ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Van Der Gaast ◽  
A. J. Vaars
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Quantitative Estimate ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Mineral Mixtures

AbstractA method is described for calculating, and then subtracting, the background from X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented clay mineral samples. Ti-Kα radiation is used and, to minimize the absorption of this radiation by air, a vacuum and helium-flushed device has been developed. This device can be used with other X-ray sources, offering a considerable increase of intensity—e.g. Co-Kα radiation is increased by 125%. With the background-eliminated patterns a better semi-quantitative estimate of the composition of clay mineral mixtures is possible. Small differences in composition of two samples can be identified by subtracting one of the background-eliminated patterns from the other. Using this method, peak maxima of smectite-group minerals can also be accurately determined.

Identification of Different Crystalline Forms of Diatrizoic Acid

1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
Victor A Folen ◽  
George Schwartzman ◽  
Millard Maienthal ◽  
Wilson L Brannon
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Thermal Gravimetric ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
No Weight Loss ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Crystalline Forms ◽  
Reference Samples

Abstract Standard reference samples of diatrizoic acid gave 2 different infrared (IR) spectra, x-ray diffraction patterns, and differential thermal and thermal gravimetric curves. One form, the anhydrous acid, shows no weight loss when heated to 170°C. The other form, the dihydrate, loses 5.36% of its weight when heated from 86 to 144°C. The anhydrous diatrizoic acid is the preferred reference standard, because it has an IR spectrum and x-ray diffraction pattern suitable for identification purposes.

Powder X-Ray Data for Synthetic Anhydrous Sodium Zirconium Silicates

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wilson ◽  
F. P. Glasser
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Solid State Reaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Powder Diffraction File ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sodium Zirconium ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

AbstractA systematic survey of phase formation in the Na2O-ZrO2-SiO2 system has revealed inconsistencies in the number and identity of ternary phases, and of their X-ray powder data. The phases Na2ZrSiO5, Na4Zr2Si3O12, Na2ZrSi2O7 and Na2ZrSi4O11 were prepared by solid-state reaction and their experimental X-ray diffraction patterns measured. Calculated X-ray diffraction patterns were generated by computer, using published crystallographic data, and critically compared with the experimentally observed values. The unit-cell constants were redefined to a greater accuracy than the presently accepted values published in the Powder Diffraction File. Only Na4Zr2Si3O12 produced an X-ray diffraction pattern which agreed with that previously published; those from the other phases were significantly different in both the intensities and positions of the reflections. Data for synthetic Na2ZrSi4O11 identical to the mineral vlasovite are reported.

Synthesis and characterization of a silylated Brazilian clay mineral surface

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Silva ◽  
Saloana Gomes ◽  
Maria Fonseca ◽  
Kaline Sousa ◽  
José Espínola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Solid State Nmr ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Trimethoxy Silane

AbstractClay mineral containing kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite was organofunctionalized with silylating agents: (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy-silane, to yield three hybrids labelled Clay1, Clay2 and Clay3, respectively. These solids were characterized using elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron micrograph, and 29Si and 27Al solid state NMR. Immobilized quantities of the organic groups were 0.66 mmol g−1, 0.48 mmol g−1 and 0.88 mmol g−1 for Clayx (x = 1–3), respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the immobilization of silanes onto the surface without changes in the textural properties of the clay mineral as noted from the SEM images. Spectroscopic measurements were in agreement with the covalent bonding between the silanes and the hydroxyl groups deposited on the surface. The new hybrids were utilized as adsorbents of cobalt in aqueous solution, with retention values of 0.78 mmol g−1, 1.1 mmol g−1 and 0.70 mmol g−1 for Clayx (x = 1–3), respectively.

scholarly journals X-ray Diffraction Investigation of Epitaxial Layers of CdTe on Sapphire

1990 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W Stevenson ◽  
Geoff N Pain
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Epitaxial Layers ◽  
Anomalous Scattering ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Species Being

The anomalous scattering of X-rays has been used to determine the polarity of CdTe epitaxial layers on sapphire. The results for two samples are presented, one of (111) orientation ('A face'), the other of (III) orientation (,B face'). The (III) layer is twinned, the two twin species being related by a 180� rotation about the [1111 axis. The twin fraction shows considerable variation for different positions on this sample, and must be taken into account when analysing the integrated X-ray intensities, in order to get meaningful Bijvoet ratios. The polarities of the two twin species are found to be the same.

Quantitative Analysis of Clay Mineral Mixtures by X-ray Diffraction

Nature ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 204 (4964) ◽  
pp. 1228-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. THEISEN ◽  
E. BELLIS
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Mixtures

ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE SOLS DES LAURENTIDES, QUEBEC

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MUTWEWINGABO ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE ◽  
G. A. BOURBEAU ◽  
R. W. BARIL ◽  
P. LAJOIE
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Bulk Density ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
High Bulk

Five profiles were sampled in the till deposits of the Laurentides Hills. Two were obtained at Duchesnay, near Quebec City and three north of Montreal, including two profiles of the Gatineau and one of the Sainte-Agathe series of soils. Results of the particle-size distribution, morphological and mineralogical analyses suggested that the parent material was similar in all profiles. A high bulk density, about 2.00 g/cm3, was observed in the fragic horizon. Maximum weathering was found in the A horizons resulting in the formation of montmorillonite and kaolinite. The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the samples from Duchesnay were better defined than those obtained from the other profiles. In addition to illite, chlorite and vermiculite, two types of interstratified minerals were observed: illite–montmorillonite in the Podzolic-B and illite–vermiculite in the fragic horizons. High values, up to about 700 meq/100 g were obtained for the Al interlayers in the clay fraction. These profiles were classified as fragic ferro-humic Podzols (Sainte-Agathe and the profiles from Duchesnay) and fragic humo-ferric Podzols (Gatineau). The concept of fragic horizon in the soils from the Laurentides is discussed.

Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymer-Grafted SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 2314-2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Chang ◽  
Su Li Wu ◽  
Shu Fen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

A polymer-grafted SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ (PG-SAO-ED) were synthesized by using a bi-functional ligand (3-allyl-2, 4-pentanedione, denoted as APD) as a bridge, which can coordinate with the unsaturated metal ions on the surface of SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ (SAO-ED) at one end, and copolymerize with methyl methacrylate and styrene at the other end. The sample was analyzed by FT-IR and Powder X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD). The PG-SAO-ED can well be applied in painting or ink, they have good miscibility with organics. The luminescent painting containing PG-SAO-ED has greatly higher water resistance than that containing SAO-ED.

An Application of Calculated X-Ray Diffraction Patterns in the Analysis of Reference Powder Data: Trivalent Metal Sulfates

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney S. Pollack ◽  
Gregory J. McCarthy ◽  
Jean M. Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Structure Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Trivalent Metal ◽  
Powder Diffraction File ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

AbstractPowder diffraction patterns have been calculated for nine isostructural rhombohedral M2(SO4)3 (M = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ga, Y, Rh, In) phases, and for four isostructural monoclinic M2(SO4)3 (M = V, Fe, In, Tl) phases. The pattern for monoclinic Fe2(SO4)3 is the first reported for this phase. Because structure data are available only for the two Fe2(SO4)3 polymorphs, the powder patterns of the other trivalent metal sulfates were approximated using the structure data of the isostructural Fe phases with the scattering factors and previously determined cell parameters of the various metal sulfates. These calculated patterns are termed an approximation by isostruduralism.The calculated patterns were used to evaluate reference powder data for these phases in the Powder Diffraction File (PDF). All but two of the PDF patterns were found to differ substantially from the calculated patterns in the stronger peaks used for identification, and to be missing weak peaks that may be confused for impurities during phase identification.

The crystal structure of graphite-bromine compounds

1965 ◽  
Vol 283 (1393) ◽  
pp. 179-193 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Interatomic Distances ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Single crystals of naturally occurring graphite which had been treated with bromine vapour have been examined by electron and X-ray diffraction and also by electron microscopy. The intercalated bromine is in the form of layers, interleaved between the graphite layers in a sequence which is dependent upon the concentration of bromine. The structure within a bromine layer is relatively highly ordered and has been shown to take on two forms, one which occurs at concentrations in excess of 47 (wt.) %, the other occurs at lower concentrations. Detailed analysis of the diffraction patterns given by the lower concentration form suggest that it is composed of chains of Br 2 molecules, in which the interatomic distances are virtually identical with those of solid bromine.

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