Controls on Clay Mineral Distribution and Chemistry in the Early Permian Rotliegend of Germany

AbstractAuthigenic clay minerals in the German Rotliegend formed mainly at burial depths >1.5 km. Illite is the dominant cement, although kaolinite, dickite and early radial chlorite are abundant locally. Illites contain more AI and late chlorites more AI and Fe in sequences showing extensive grain dissolution. This relationship between clay chemistry and grain dissolution suggests that clay cementation is linked to grain dissolution. Sequences at relatively shallow burial depths (<3-5 km) contain less clay cement. In the more deeply buried sections, increased illite and kandite cementation, together with extensive grain dissolution, is evident where the Rotliegend is juxtaposed against Carboniferous Coal Measures. Faults also acted as important conduits for acidic fluids. Illite and kandite growth occurred at similar depths and from waters of similar isotopic composition (618O = 1-6‰ SMOW) throughout most of the Southern Permian Basin. However, the timing of illite growth varied between areas and corresponded to periods to tectonic activity.

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The engineering geology of clay minerals: swelling, shrinking and mudrock breakdown

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1986.021.3.01 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 235-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

R. K. Taylor ◽

T. J. Smith

Keyword(s):

Clay Minerals ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Burial Diagenesis ◽

Mechanical Unloading ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Osmotic Response ◽

The Usa ◽

Intermediate Response ◽

The Uk ◽

Coal Measures

AbstractSwelling, shrinking and physical breakdown processes are reviewed with reference to well-known mudrock and overconsolidated clay formations in the UK and USA. Swelling results from two processes: the equilibration of depressed porewater pressures following stress relief, and the physico-chemical (osmotic) response of component clay minerals. Expansion in Na-smectite, and to a lesser extent Ca-smectite, clays is governed by double-layer swelling, whereas in kaolinites it is purely a mechanical unloading phenomenon; illites show an intermediate response. Intraparticle swelling in mudrocks older than the Silurian in the UK, or Upper Mississippian in the USA, can be expected to be reduced because of the removal of expandable layers by burial diagenesis. Shrinkage, like mudrock breakdown, is restricted to the partly saturated zone. Suction pressure-moisture content curves of indurated mudrocks are shown to be different from mudrocks and clays with high proportions of expandable clay minerals. Classification of expansion potential based on activity ratio poses problems with indurated types, but with some modification of method reasonable predictions can be made. Controls on physical disintegration are identified as: (i) incidence of sedimentary structures and discontinuities, (ii) slaking (air breakage), (iii) expandable clay mineral content, especially smectite, and (iv) clay mineral fabric orientation. Exceptionally high exchangeable sodium percentages have been measured in Coal Measures rocks susceptible to breakdown.

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DFT Study of Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Kaolinite, Muscovite, and Montmorillonite

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11060618 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 618

Author(s):

Layla Shafei ◽

Puja Adhikari ◽

Wai-Yim Ching

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Optical Properties ◽

Electronic Structure ◽

Hydrogen Bonds ◽

Clay Minerals ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Bond Order ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Pharmaceutical Applications ◽

Structure Properties

Clay mineral materials have attracted attention due to their many properties and applications. The applications of clay minerals are closely linked to their structure and composition. In this paper, we studied the electronic structure properties of kaolinite, muscovite, and montmorillonite crystals, which are classified as clay minerals, by using DFT-based ab initio packages VASP and the OLCAO. The aim of this work is to have a deep understanding of clay mineral materials, including electronic structure, bond strength, mechanical properties, and optical properties. It is worth mentioning that understanding these properties may help continually result in new and innovative clay products in several applications, such as in pharmaceutical applications using kaolinite for their potential in cancer treatment, muscovite used as insulators in electrical appliances, and engineering applications that use montmorillonite as a sealant. In addition, our results show that the role played by hydrogen bonds in O-H bonds has an impact on the hydration in these crystals. Based on calculated total bond order density, it is concluded that kaolinite is slightly more cohesive than montmorillonite, which is consistent with the calculated mechanical properties.

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Volcanogenic clays in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata of England and the North Sea Basin

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/000985500546710 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 25-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

C. V. Jeans ◽

D. S. Wray ◽

R. J. Merriman ◽

M. J. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Clay Minerals ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

North Sea ◽

Volcanic Ash ◽

Hydrothermal Fluids ◽

Mineral Deposits ◽

The North ◽

Clay Deposits ◽

The North Sea ◽

Thermal Doming

AbstractThe nature and origin of authigenic clay minerals and silicate cements in the Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments of England and the North Sea are discussed in relation to penecontemporaneous volcanism in and around the North Sea Basin. Evidence, including new REE data, suggests that the authigenic clay minerals represent the argillization of volcanic ash under varying diagenetic conditions, and that volcanic ash is a likely source for at least the early silicate cements in many sandstones. The nature and origin of smectite-rich, glauconite-rich, berthierine-rich and kaolin-rich volcanogenic clay mineral deposits are discussed. Two patterns of volcanogenic clay minerals facies are described. Pattern A is related to ash argillization in the non-marine and marine environments. Pattern B is developed by the argillization of ash concentrated in the sand and silt facies belts in the seas bordering ash-covered islands and massifs. It is associated with regression/ transgression cycles which may be related to thermal doming and associated volcanism, including the submarine release of hydrothermal fluids rich in Fe. The apparent paucity of volcanogenic clay deposits in the Jurasssic and Early Cretaceous sediments of the North Sea is discussed.

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Depositional facies, diagenetic clay minerals and reservoir quality of Rotliegend sediments in the Southern Permian Basin (North Sea): a review

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1982.017.1.06 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 55-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

U. Seemann

Keyword(s):

Clay Minerals ◽

North Sea ◽

Effective Porosity ◽

Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽

Reservoir Quality ◽

Burial Diagenesis ◽

Permian Basin ◽

Northern Margin ◽

The North

AbstractThe Southern Permian Basin of the North Sea represents an elongate E-W oriented depo-centre along the northern margin of the Variscan Mountains. During Rotliegend times, three roughly parallel facies belts of a Permian desert developed, these following the outline of the Variscan Mountains. These belts were, from south to north, the wadi facies, the dune and interdune facies, and the sabkha and desert lake facies. The bulk of the gas reservoirs of the Rotliegend occur in the aeolian dune sands. Their recognition, and the study of their geometry, is therefore important in hydrocarbon exploration. Equally important is the understanding of diagenesis, particularly of the diageneticaily-formed clay minerals, because they have an important influence on the reservoir quality of these sands. Clay minerals were introduced to the aeolian sands during or shortly after their deposition in the form of air-borne dust, which later formed thin clay films around the grains. During burial diagenesis, these clay films may have acted as crystallization nuclei for new clay minerals or for the transformation of existing ones. Depending on their crystallographic habit, the clay minerals can seriously affect the effective porosity and permeability of the sands.

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Clay mineral distribution patterns as influenced by depositional processes in the Southeastern Levantine Sea

Sedimentology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3091.1981.tb01659.x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 21-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

ANDRES MALDONADO ◽

DANIEL JEAN STANLEY

Keyword(s):

Clay Mineral ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Mineral Distribution ◽

Levantine Sea ◽

Depositional Processes

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Adsorption of Organic Compounds on Refined Latvian Clay

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.788.83 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 788 ◽

pp. 83-88

Author(s):

Oskars Leščinskis ◽

Ruta Švinka ◽

Visvaldis Švinka

Keyword(s):

Methyl Orange ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Clay Minerals ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Rhodamine B ◽

Ph Value ◽

Ftir Spectra ◽

Ph Values

Clays are materials consisting of clay minerals and non-clay minerals. Clay mineral fraction is considered to be a nanofraction. Clay minerals can be used for water purification and treatment. Description and characterization of 3 different Latvian clay nanosized minerals from 3 different geological periods (clay Liepa from Devonian period, clay Vadakste from Triassic period and clay Apriki from Quaternary period) as well as their adsorption capacity concerning organic compounds such as methyl orange and rhodamine B are summarized. Nanosized clay mineral particles were obtained using sedimentation method. Particle size distribution, zeta potential and FTIR spectra is given. The adsorption tests of above mentioned organic compounds were carried out in water solutions at 3 different pH values. The adsorption values were determined by means of UV-spectrophotometric technique. Zeta potential values for clay minerals Apriki, Liepa and Vadakste are -40.9 mV, -49.6 mV and -43.0 mV, respectively. FTIR spectra show similar tendencies for all 3 clay minerals. The best adsorption capacity concerning methyl orange and rhodamine B were in solutions with a pH value of 2, whereas at neutral and alkaline pH values adsorption in 24 hours was not observed.

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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A CLAY MINERAL DEPOSIT IN GEHEKU, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria ◽

10.46602/jcsn.v45i4.500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

Author(s):

E.E.I. Irabor ◽

A. K. Okunkpolor

Keyword(s):

Thermal Shock ◽

Clay Minerals ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Thermal Shock Resistance ◽

Mineral Deposit ◽

Swelling Property ◽

Working Temperature ◽

Mineralogical Properties ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Shock Resistance

The physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of a clay mineral deposit in Geheku, Kogi State, Nigeria were assessed. The results of the study revealed that the deposit consisted of phyllosilicate minerals- Illite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, halloysite, almandine; other minerals present were quartz and ramsdellite. The clay minerals exhibited good swelling property, medium plasticity, good thermal shock resistance and apparent porosity; it had refractoriness below 1200 oC. The properties of the clay reflected the combined properties of the constituent clay and non-clay minerals which recommends it for a variety of applications which requires the blend of property though the working temperature must be below 1200 oC. The clay mineral deposit colours were influenced by the minerals almadine and ramsdellite.

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I. Third National Clay Minerals Conference of the Clay Mineral Commitee of the National Research Council 26.–29. Oktober 1954 in the Rice Institute, Houston, Texas

Colloid & Polymer Science ◽

10.1007/bf01510561 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 141 (2) ◽

pp. 110-113

Author(s):

E. Gruner

Keyword(s):

Clay Minerals ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Research Council ◽

National Research Council

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Clay mineral distribution related to rift activity, sea-level changes and paleoceanography in the Cretaceous of the Atlantic Ocean

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.1993.028.1.07 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 61-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

M. Thiry ◽

T. Jacquin

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Ocean ◽

Sea Level ◽

Clay Minerals ◽

Clay Mineral ◽

Deep Sea ◽

Depositional Environments ◽

Sea Level Changes ◽

Sea Floor ◽

Deep Sea Sediments ◽

Bottom Waters

AbstractThe distribution of clay minerals from the N and S Atlantic Cretaceous deep-sea sediments is related to rifting, sea-floor spreading, sea-level variations and paleoceanography. Four main clay mineral suites were identified: two are inherited and indicative of ocean geodynamics, whereas the others result from transformation and authigenesis and are diagnostic of Cretaceous oceanic depositional environments. Illite and chlorite, together with interstratified illite-smectite and smectite occur above the sea-floor basalts and illustrate the contribution of volcanoclastic materials of basaltic origin to the sediments. Kaolinite, with variable amounts of illite, chlorite, smectite and interstratified minerals, indicates detrital inputs from continents near the platform margins. Kaolinite decreases upward in the series due to open marine environments and basin deepening. It may increase in volume during specific time intervals corresponding to periods of falling sea-level during which overall facies regression and erosion of the surrounding platforms occurred. Smectite is the most abundant clay mineral in the Cretaceous deep-sea sediments. Smectite-rich deposits correlate with periods of relatively low sedimentation rates. As paleoweathering profiles and basal deposits at the bottom of Cretaceous transgressive formations are mostly kaolinitic, smectite cannot have been inherited from the continents. Smectite is therefore believed to have formed in the ocean by transformation and recrystallization of detrital materials during early diagenesis. Because of the slow rate of silicate reactions, transformation of clay minerals requires a long residence time of the particles at the water/sediment interface; this explains the relationships between the observed increases in smectite with long-term sea-level rises that tend to starve the basinal settings of sedimentation. Palygorskite, along with dolomite, is relatively common in the N and S Atlantic Cretaceous sediments. It is not detrital because correlative shelf deposits are devoid of palygorskite. Palygorskite is diagnostic of Mg-rich environments and is indicative of the warm and hypersaline bottom waters of the Cretaceous Atlantic ocean.

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