NETosis: how vital is it?

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (16) ◽  
pp. 2784-2794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan G. Yipp ◽  
Paul Kubes
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cell Death Pathway ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Net Release

Abstract In this review, we examine the evidence that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a critical role in innate immunity. We summarize how NETs are formed in response to various stimuli and provide evidence that NETosis is not universally a cell death pathway. Here we describe at least 2 different mechanisms by which NETs are formed, including a suicide lytic NETosis and a live cell or vital NETosis. We also evaluate the evidence for NETs in catching and killing pathogens. Finally, we examine how infections are related to the development of autoimmune and vasculitic diseases through unintended but detrimental bystander damage resulting from NET release.

scholarly journals Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps

2007 ◽  
Vol 176 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias A. Fuchs ◽  
Ulrike Abed ◽  
Christian Goosmann ◽  
Robert Hurwitz ◽  
Ilka Schulze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cell Death Pathway ◽  
Antimicrobial Function ◽  
Cell Death Program ◽  
Cell Death Process ◽  
Extracellular Structures

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular structures composed of chromatin and granule proteins that bind and kill microorganisms. We show that upon stimulation, the nuclei of neutrophils lose their shape, and the eu- and heterochromatin homogenize. Later, the nuclear envelope and the granule membranes disintegrate, allowing the mixing of NET components. Finally, the NETs are released as the cell membrane breaks. This cell death process is distinct from apoptosis and necrosis and depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease carry mutations in NADPH oxidase and cannot activate this cell-death pathway or make NETs. This novel ROS-dependent death allows neutrophils to fulfill their antimicrobial function, even beyond their lifespan.

A Cell Death Pathway Induced by Antibody-Mediated Cross-Linking of CD45 on Lymphocytes

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 421-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Muriel Steff ◽  
Marylene Fortin ◽  
Fabianne Philippoussis ◽  
Sylvie Lesage ◽  
Chantal Arguin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Cell Death Pathway ◽  
A Cell

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Degrades Neutrophil Extracellular Traps to Promote Immune Cell Death

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 342 (6160) ◽  
pp. 863-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Thammavongsa ◽  
D. M. Missiakas ◽  
O. Schneewind
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Extracellular Traps

scholarly journals The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
César Díaz-Godínez ◽  
Julio C. Carrero
Keyword(s):  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Net Release

AbstractNeutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are DNA fibers associated with histones, enzymes from neutrophil granules and anti-microbial peptides. NETs are released in a process denominated NETosis, which involves sequential steps that culminate with the DNA extrusion. NETosis has been described as a new mechanism of innate immunity related to defense against different pathogens. The initial studies of NETs were carried out with bacteria and fungi, but currently a large variety of microorganisms capable of inducing NETs have been described including protozoan and helminth parasites. Nevertheless, we have little knowledge about how NETosis process is carried out in response to the parasites, and about its implication in the resolution of this kind of disease. In the best case, the NETs entrap and kill parasites in vitro, but in others, immobilize the parasites without affecting their viability. Moreover, insufficient studies on the NETs in animal models of infections that would help to define their role, and the association of NETs with chronic inflammatory pathologies such as those occurring in several parasitic infections have left open the possibility of NETs contributing to pathology instead of protection. In this review, we focus on the reported mechanisms that lead to NET release by protozoan and helminth parasites and the evidence that support the role of NETosis in the resolution or pathogenesis of parasitic diseases.

scholarly journals ETosis: A Microbicidal Mechanism beyond Cell Death

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson B. Guimarães-Costa ◽  
Michelle T. C. Nascimento ◽  
Amanda B. Wardini ◽  
Lucia H. Pinto-da-Silva ◽  
Elvira M. Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Cytoplasmic Proteins

Netosis is a recently described type of neutrophil death occurring with the release to the extracellular milieu of a lattice composed of DNA associated with histones and granular and cytoplasmic proteins. These webs, initially named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), ensnare and kill microorganisms. Similarly, other cell types, such as eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages, can also dye by this mechanism; thus, it was renamed as ETosis, meaning death with release of extracellular traps (ETs). Here, we review the mechanism of NETosis/etosis, emphasizing its role in diseases caused by protozoan parasites, fungi, and viruses.

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