scholarly journals The Action of Phytohemagglutinin in Rabbits. V. Morphological Changes Following Previous Immunization with and Daily Injections of Phytohemagglutinin

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-738
Author(s):  
J. B. BLENNERHASSETT ◽  
C. K. NASPITZ ◽  
M. RICHTER
Keyword(s):  
Chemotherapeutic Agent ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Myeloid Metaplasia ◽  
Splenic White Pulp ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Morphologic Changes ◽  
Red Pulp

Abstract The administration of a series of four or eight daily injections of PHA neither diminished nor enhanced the peripheral and parenchymal changes observed after a single injection of PHA. These changes include the peripheral leukopenia followed by a leukocytosis, the hyperplasia of the splenic white pulp, and the myeloid metaplasia or infiltration in the splenic red pulp. The circulating leukocytes appear to become resistant to the leukopenic action of PHA following a series of injections of PHA. However, this stage of refractoriness lasts only one to two weeks in the absence of any further injection of PHA. Immunization with PHA with formation of antibodies capable of neutralizing the mitogenic factor(s) in PHA did not affect the capacity of a subsequent challenge injection of PHA to induce the characteristic morphologic changes which follow a single injection of PHA. Thus, the presence of circulating antibodies does not invalidate the use of PHA as a chemotherapeutic agent.

scholarly journals Studies on Regeneration of Heterotopic Splenic Autotransplants

Blood ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Tavassoli ◽  
R. Judith Ratzan ◽  
William H. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Regenerative Process ◽  
Splenic Tissue ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Small Arteries ◽  
Splenic White Pulp ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Red Pulp

Abstract Fragments of spleen autotransplanted to subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen in the rat undergo almost complete necrosis and then regenerate into splenic tissue with a microscopic structure indistinguishable from the structure of the original organ. The regenerative process reminiscent of the spleen’s embryogenesis, originates from a shell of surviving splenic tissue at the surface of the implant. The regenerative zone first consists of almost monotonous connective tissue cells interspersed with red blood cells; it develops into splenic red pulp consisting of sinuses and intersinal cords. As capillaries develop, the structure of small arteries and peri-arterial lymphatic sheaths appear, and soon the structure of splenic white pulp becomes evident. Some 5 wk after autotransplantation, the splenic reconstruction is complete. The weight of the recovered tissue is a linear function of the weight of the implanted tissue; yet the linearity is lost when the weight of the implanted tissue exceeds 100 mg.

The effect of early thymectomy on histogenesis of the lymphoid organs in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229
Author(s):  
Margaret J. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Normal Complement ◽  
Splenic White Pulp ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Immature Cells ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Red Pulp

The role of the thymus in the ontogenetic development of the lymphoid system of the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, was investigated by removing the organ at stage 49 of Nieuwkoop & Faber (1967), a stage when small lymphocytes are present in the thymus but have not yet appeared in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Complete thymectomy, confirmed histologically, was achieved in nine larvae killed at stage 56 and in 23 larvae killed at stage 59. The spleen was smaller in thymectomized larvae than in sham-thymectomized controls in the series killed at stage 56, but the difference was no longer significant at stage 59. In both series, thymectomized larvae showed a fall in the number of extra-follicular lymphocytes and an increase in the reticulo-myeloid elements of the splenic red pulp. The pharyngeal ventral cavity bodies were moderately or severely depleted of lymphocytes. In other areas, histogenesis proceeded normally in the absence of the thymus. In the splenic white pulp, the follicles, which comprised immature cells of the lymphoblast type at the time of thymectomy, developed their normal complement of lymphocytes. All larvae grew and developed at the normal rate.

The developmental endocrinology of the spleen in chick embryos

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
T. W. Betz
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Liver Growth ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Pars Nervosa ◽  
Splenic White Pulp ◽  
Red Pulp

Partial decapitation (‘hypophysectomy’) of the chick embryo significantly reduces body growth by 20 days (stage 46 −) of incubation as indicated by body weights, 60% of normal; the lengths of the toe and tibiotarsus, 80% and 78% of normal respectively; and liver growth, 47% of normal, but the gall bladder was not apparently enlarged. It significantly increases spleen growth to 82 % greater than normal, suppresses or retards white pulp differentiation and splenic vasculogenesis but enhances red pulp development. A single pars distalis gland placed as a chorioallantoic graft into operated embryos prevents the development of these defects except for liver growth which, while improved, is still subnormal. If the number of grafts is increased by one or two there is no change in the amount of influence on growth and development of the chick embryo. This apparent regulation occurs by some unknown mechanism even in the absence of the hypothalamus. Thus body and liver growth is normally stimulated by the pars distalis but spleen growth and red pulp differentiation are suppressed even though the gland stimulates splenic white pulp histogenesis. The hypothalamus, epiphysis and pars nervosa (removed by partial decapitation) are not apparently involved in the developmental endocrinology of the spleen in chick embryos.

scholarly journals An Electron Microscopic Study of Spleen in Myelofibrosis With Myeloid Metaplasia

Blood ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Tavassoli ◽  
Leon Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
Nuclear Body ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Myeloid Metaplasia ◽  
Hemopoietic Cells ◽  
Hemopoietic Tissue ◽  
Myelofibrosis With Myeloid Metaplasia ◽  
Red Pulp

Abstract The ultrastructure of the spleen was studied in four patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) who underwent splenectomy. The basic structure of the spleen is not altered. Degenerative changes are seen in the white pulp, which appears atrophic. Hemopoietic tissue (erythropoietic and granulopoietic cells, as well as megakaryocytes) is seen in the sinuses, as well as in the cords of the red pulp, but is not seen in the white pulp. Nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities are seen in hemopoietic cells. Nuclear changes consist of the nuclear membrane projecting into the cytoplasm and forming nuclear blebs or loops. The nuclear blebs are sometimes connected to the main nuclear body by a stalk containing fibrillar structures. The nuclear loops may be so large as to engulf almost all the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic changes are degenerative in nature and result in premature destruction followed by phagocytosis. Macrophages are ubiquitous in the red pulp, particularly in association with extracellular reticulum and the basement membranes. They often contain debris of developing hemopoietic cells. These findings support previous studies that indicate that a portion of splenic hemopoiesis in MMM is ineffective.

scholarly journals Radioautographic Study of Cellular Migration Using Parabiotic Rats

Blood ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth W. Tyler ◽  
N. B. Everett
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Direct Transformation ◽  
Circulating Cells ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Red Pulp

Abstract Leukocyte exchange between the hemopoietic tissues of parabiotic rats was studied subsequent to giving multiple injections of 3H-thymidine to one member of each pair while arresting the cross-circulation. Cell types that migrated from one parabiont to the other were segmented granulocytes, small, medium and large lymphocytes, immunoblasts, monocytoid cells, macrophages or their immediate precursors, and plasma cells. Evidence for the transformation of circulating cells to other cell types was rarely seen. The long-lived small lymphocytes were equilibrated between parabionts, suggesting that this is a single pool of cells with respect to kinetic behavior and recirculation. There was no evidence for a trephocytic function of lymphocytes. A small number of bone marrow lymphocytes coursed directly to lymph nodes and spleen. Evidence is given for a limited recirculation of short-lived lymphocytes of thoracic duct lymph (TDL), as well as for long-lived cells. Only a few immunoblasts of TDL recirculated. The majority of cells that entered the white pulp of the spleen were long-lived small lymphocytes, while the majority of immigrant cells to the red pulp were monocytoid cells and granulocytes. Many small lymphocytes originated in splenic red pulp and entered the blood. No immigrant cells to the thymic cortex were noted, although some small lymphocytes and monocytoid cells entered the medullary areas. Immigrant cells to the bone marrow (less than 2% of the cells in marrow) included monocytoid cells, small lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Evidence for the direct transformation of a circulating cell into a committed blast, based on reduction in grain count, was noted only in bone marrow.

Splenic red pulp lymphoma with numerous basophilic villous lymphocytes: a distinct clinicopathologic and molecular entity?

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 2253-2260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Traverse-Glehen ◽  
Lucile Baseggio ◽  
Evelyne Callet- Bauchu ◽  
Dominique Morel ◽  
Sophie Gazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Molecular Entity ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Frequent Absence ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Red Pulp

The presence of circulating villous lymphocytes (VLs) in lymphoma patients usually points to splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (SMZL), even if the VLs can be found occasionally in other small B-cell lymphomas. However, those cells are variably described, and detailed cytologic characterization is often lacking. We identified lymphoma cases with numerous basophilic VLs among the large group of splenic lymphoma with VLs, and for further delineation, 37 cases with this particular cytology were analyzed. Patients, predominantly older men, presented with moderate lymphocytosis and splenomegaly without pancytopenia. The monoclonal B cells expressed IgM + D, IgM + G, IgM or IgG, as well as CD76 and CD11c, frequently CD103, and rarely CD123. Spleen sections were peculiar, with atrophic white pulp and a monomorphic diffuse lymphoma infiltration in a congested red pulp. Bone marrow infiltration was interstitial and intrasinusoidal without extensive fibrosis. Cytogenetic analysis showed a frequent absence of clonal aberrations (68%). Most cases (79%) were IgH mutated, with an overrepresentation of VH3 and VH4 gene families. These results, as well as the clinical evolution, show that those lymphoma cases represent a homogeneous group distinct from SMZL and reminiscent of hairy cell leukemia variant, perhaps corresponding to a separate lymphoma entity.

scholarly journals Anti-Leishmania infantum Antibody-Producing Plasma Cells in the Spleen in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1635
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. M. Fontes ◽  
Bianca R. Mesquita ◽  
Reginaldo Brito ◽  
Juliana C. S. Gomes ◽  
Caroline V. B. de Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Patient Death ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Antibody Secreting Cells ◽  
Increased Susceptibility ◽  
Red Pulp

The spleen is involved in visceral leishmaniasis immunopathogenesis, and presents alterations in white-pulp microenvironments that are associated with an increased susceptibility to coinfections and patient death. Plasmacytosis in splenic red pulp (RP) is one observed alteration, but the specificity of antibody-secreting cells and the distribution of them has not yet been evaluated. We biotinylated soluble L. infantum membrane antigens (bSLMA) used as probes in modified immunohistochemistry, and detected the presence of anti-L. infantum antibody-secreting cells. Were used spleens from eight dogs from the endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), and three healthier controls. The spleen sections were cryopreserved, and we performed modified immunohistochemistry. The ratio of plasma cells which were reactive to bSLMA (Anti-Leish-PC) in the spleen RP and periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) were calculated. Dogs with CanL present hyperglobulinemia and more plasma cells in their RP than the controls. Furthermore, dogs with CanL presented a lower proportion of Anti-Leish-PC in their RP than in PALS. Likewise, dysproteinemia was related to RP and PALS plasmacytosis, and a more severe clinical profile.

Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Red Pulp of the Spleen

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 496-497
Author(s):  
Masayuki Miyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Sinus Wall ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Red Pulp

In spite of various attempts, conclusive evidence to explain blood passage in the splenic red pulp does not seem to have been presented. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations on the rabbit spleen, originally performed by us, revealed that the sinus was lined by a perforated lattice composed of longitudinally extended rod cells and transverse cytoplasmic processes, and that perforations in the lattice were continuous to the spaces among the stellate reticulum cells of the cord. In the present study the observation was extended to the dog and rat spleens, in which the cord is more developed than in the rabbit in order to clarify the possible differences in the fine structure of the sinus wall. An attempt was also made to examine the development and distribution of macrophage in the blood passage of the red pulp.Spleens were washed and fixed by perfusion with Ringer solution and then with buffered glutaraldehyde. Small tissue cubes were dehydrated with acetone, dried in air and heated with gold. Observations were made by a JEOL SEM Type-3. One air dried tissue cube was cut into small pieces and post fixed with buffered OsO4 for examination under the transmission electron microscope (TEM).

scholarly journals Expression of ACKR4 demarcates the “peri-marginal sinus,” a specialized vascular compartment of the splenic red pulp

Cell Reports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 109346
Author(s):  
Kathrin Werth ◽  
Elin Hub ◽  
Julia Christine Gutjahr ◽  
Berislav Bosjnak ◽  
Xiang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Sinus ◽  
Splenic Red Pulp ◽  
Vascular Compartment ◽  
Red Pulp

scholarly journals Ascorbic acid biosynthesis: a precursor study on plants

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson D. Barata-Soares ◽  
Maria Luiza P. A. Gomez ◽  
Carlos Henrique de Mesquita ◽  
Franco M. Lajolo
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Main Pathway ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Red Pulp

Since the first isolation of ascorbic acid (AsA) in 1928, few papers have been published regarding the biosynthesis of AsA in plants, especially in fruits. It took as long as 1998, before Wheeler, Jones and Smirnoff, based on a study with Arabidopsis leaves, proposed what can be considered the main pathway of biosynthesis of AsA, in which L-galactose (L-GAL) is a key precursor. This paper reports the effectiveness of some precursors (cold or radiolabeled) in the biosynthesis of AsA in different plants: green sweet pepper, white-pulp guava, red-pulp guava, papaya and strawberry at two ripening stages (mature green and ripe for papaya and mature green and half red for strawberry) and broccoli. The 'Smirnoff-Wheeler' pathway was functioning and active in all sources studied, as demonstrated by the increase in AsA contents and incorporation of labeled precursors into AsA. In papaya, the AsA content in the ripe fruit was higher than in the mature green, indicating the synthesis of AsA during ripening. On the other hand, the AsA content in the mature green strawberry was similar to that of the half red fruits. Our data demonstrate that L-GAL and L-Galactono-1,4-lactone (L-GL) are effective precursors for the biosynthesis of AsA in fruits and also provided additional evidence for the participation of D-mannose (D-MAN) and D-glucose-1P in the biosynthesis of AsA in plants.

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