Mucus rheology and ciliary beating coordination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Jory ◽  
Christophe Blanc ◽  
Aurélie Fort ◽  
Laura Casanellas ◽  
Isabelle Vachier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Mucus Rheology

Role of the Cilia Membrane in Control of Microtubule Sliding

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 612-615
Author(s):  
Edna S. Kaneshiro
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Ciliary Membrane ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Ciliary Reversal ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Reversal Mechanism ◽  
And Function

It is currently believed that ciliary beating results from microtubule sliding which is restricted in regions to cause bending. Cilia beat can be modified to bring about changes in beat frequency, cessation of beat and reversal in beat direction. In ciliated protozoans these modifications which determine swimming behavior have been shown to be related to intracellular (intraciliary) Ca2+ concentrations. The Ca2+ levels are in turn governed by the surface ciliary membrane which exhibits increased Ca2+ conductance (permeability) in response to depolarization. Mutants with altered behaviors have been isolated. Pawn mutants fail to exhibit reversal of the effective stroke of ciliary beat and therefore cannot swim backward. They lack the increased inward Ca2+ current in response to depolarizing stimuli. Both normal and pawn Paramecium made leaky to Ca2+ by Triton extrac¬tion of the surface membrane exhibit backward swimming only in reactivating solutions containing greater than IO-6 M Ca2+ Thus in pawns the ciliary reversal mechanism itself is left operational and only the control mechanism at the membrane is affected. The topographic location of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels has been identified as a component of the ciliary mem¬brane since the inward Ca2+ conductance response is eliminated by deciliation and the return of the response occurs during cilia regeneration. Since the ciliary membrane has been impli¬cated in the control of Ca2+ levels in the cilium and therefore is the site of at least one kind of control of microtubule sliding, we have focused our attention on understanding the structure and function of the membrane.

scholarly journals Involvement of Huntingtin in Development and Ciliary Beating Regulation of Larvae of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5116
Author(s):  
Hideki Katow ◽  
Tomoko Katow ◽  
Hiromi Yoshida ◽  
Masato Kiyomoto
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brdu Incorporation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Blastula Stage ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Marker Proteins ◽  
Disease Protein ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Hemicentrotus Pulcherrimus

The multiple functions of the wild type Huntington’s disease protein of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp-Htt) have been examined using the anti-Hp-Htt antibody (Ab) raised against synthetic oligopeptides. According to immunoblotting, Hp-Htt was detected as a single band at around the 350 kDa region at the swimming blastula stage to the prism larva stage. From the 2-arm pluteus stage (2aPL), however, an additional smaller band at the 165 kDa region appeared. Immunohistochemically, Hp-Htt was detected in the nuclei and the nearby cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells from the swimming blastula stage, and the blastocoelar cells from the mid-gastrula stage. The Ab-positive signal was converged to the ciliary band-associated strand (CBAS). There, it was accompanied by several CBAS-marker proteins in the cytoplasm, such as glutamate decarboxylase. Application of Hp-Htt morpholino (Hp-Htt-MO) has resulted in shortened larval arms, accompanied by decreased 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridin (BrdU) incorporation by the ectodermal cells of the larval arms. Hp-Htt-MO also resulted in lowered ciliary beating activity, accompanied by a disordered swirling pattern formation around the body. These Hp-Htt-MO-induced deficiencies took place after the onset of CBAS system formation at the larval arms. Thus, Hp-Htt is involved in cell proliferation and the ciliary beating pattern regulation signaling system in pluteus larvae.

scholarly journals Flagellar Motility ofTrypanosoma cruziEpimastigotes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ballesteros-Rodea ◽  
M. Santillán ◽  
S. Martínez-Calvillo ◽  
R. Manning-Cela
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Flagellar Motility ◽  
Parasite Life Cycle ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Rotational Angle ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Parasite Motility ◽  
Parasite Behavior

The hemoflagellateTrypanosoma cruziis the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis. Despite the importance of motility in the parasite life cycle, little is known aboutT. cruzimotility, and there is no quantitative description of its flagellar beating. Using video microscopy and quantitative vectorial analysis of epimastigote trajectories, we find a forward parasite motility defined by tip-to-base symmetrical flagellar beats. This motion is occasionally interrupted by base-to-tip highly asymmetric beats, which represent the ciliary beat of trypanosomatid flagella. The switch between flagellar and ciliary beating facilitates the parasite's reorientation, which produces a large variability of movement and trajectories that results in different distance ranges traveled by the cells. An analysis of the distance, speed, and rotational angle indicates that epimastigote movement is not completely random, and the phenomenon is highly dependent on the parasite behavior and is characterized by directed and tumbling parasite motion as well as their combination, resulting in the alternation of rectilinear and intricate motility paths.

scholarly journals Tuning gastropod locomotion: Modeling the influence of mucus rheology on the cost of crawling

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 113102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lauga ◽  
A. E. Hosoi
Keyword(s):  
Mucus Rheology ◽  
The Cost

Effect of airway wall flexibility on clearance by simulated cough

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Soland ◽  
G. Brock ◽  
M. King
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Rectangular Cross Section ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Wave Formation ◽  
Bottom Surface ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Airway Wall ◽  
Wall Flexibility ◽  
Mucus Rheology ◽  
The Relationship

In our previous study, we investigated the relationship between mucus rheology, depth of mucus layer, and clearance by simulated cough. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of airway wall flexibility on the clearance of mucuslike gels. Transient airflows similar to cough were generated by both positive and negative pressure, the latter to mimic the dynamic compression that occurs during real cough. As in the previous study, the trachea was modeled as a trough of rectangular cross section with only the bottom lined with the mucus simulant. Clearance was followed by observing the displacement of marker particles. Since cough clearance is intimately related to wave formation in the mucus blanket, we hypothesized that clearance might be impeded if the wave formation occurred simultaneously in the wall and its lining layer. Thus, in one set of experiments the bottom rigid surface of the model trachea was replaced with a frame over which a flexible membrane could be drawn, whereas in the other set the rigid top was replaced by the frame. We also examined the effect of negative-pressure cough in excised canine tracheae, comparing the case where the tracheal membrane was free to deform vs. the case where it was secured. For the rigid-walled model, clearance by positive or negative pressure, with matched flow pattern, was the same. With the mucus simulant lining the flexible bottom surface, clearance increased with increasing membrane flexibility for negative-pressure cough and decreased for positive-pressure cough.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Differential effects of UTP, ATP, and adenosine on ciliary activity of human nasal epithelial cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (6) ◽  
pp. C1485-C1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane M. Morse ◽  
Jennifer L. Smullen ◽  
C. William Davis
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Beat Frequency ◽  
Ciliary Activity ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Human Nasal Epithelium ◽  
Human Nasal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Sustained Responses

The purinergic regulation of ciliary activity was studied using small, continuously superfused explants of human nasal epithelium. The P2Y2 purinoceptor (P2Y2-R) was identified as the major purinoceptor regulating ciliary beat frequency (CBF); UTP (EC50 = 4.7 μM), ATP, and adenosine-5′- O-(3-thiotriphosphate) elicited similar maximal responses, approximately twofold over baseline. ATP, however, elicited a post-peak sustained plateau in CBF (1.83 ± 0.1-fold), whereas the post-peak CBF response to UTP declined over 15 min to a low-level plateau (1.36 ± 0.16-fold). UDP also stimulated ciliary beating, probably via P2Y6-R, with a maximal effect approximately one-half that elicited by P2Y2-R stimulation. Not indicated were P2Y1-R-, P2Y4-R-, or P2Y11-R-mediated effects. A2B-receptor agonists elicited sustained responses in CBF approximately equal to those from UTP/ATP [5′-( N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine, EC50 = 0.09 μM; adenosine, EC50 = 0.7 μM]. Surprisingly, ADP elicited a sustained stimulation in CBF. The ADP effect and the post-peak sustained portion of the ATP response in CBF were inhibited by the A2-R antagonist 8-( p-sulfophenyl)theophylline. Hence, ATP affects ciliary activity through P2Y2-R and, after an apparent ectohydrolysis to adenosine, through A2BAR.

Spectral characterization of ciliary beating: variations of frequency with time

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (1) ◽  
pp. C160-C165 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Eshel ◽  
Y. Grossman ◽  
Z. Priel
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Ciliary Beating ◽  
Isolated Lung ◽  
Ciliary Cell ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Beating Frequency ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Dominant Frequencies

Ciliary beating frequency in tissue culture from frog palate and isolated lung was optically examined using instrumentation that was adjusted to measure a fraction of the surface area of a single ciliary cell. Consecutive 1-s segments of the analogue signal were fast Fourier transformed (FFT) to obtain a power spectrum. At room temperature, these power spectra changed over time from 1 s to the next. Each spectrum contained several dominant frequencies of similar intensities. Cooling the preparation resulted in a single-peak spectrum that was constant over time. A mathematical model is proposed to simulate these findings. The results and the mathematical model support the hypothesis that ciliary beating frequency fluctuates over short periods of time.

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