Response of Whole Blood, Erythrocyte and Plasma Vitamin E Content to Dietary Vitamin E Intake in the Chick

Vitamin E is believed to play a preventive role in diseases associated with oxidative stress. The aims of the present study were to quantify vitamin E intake levels and plasma concentrations and to assess dietary vitamin E adequacy in Irish adults. Intake data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey were used; plasma samples were obtained from a representative cohort of survey participants. Plasma α- and γ-tocopherol concentrations were measured by HPLC. The main sources of vitamin E in the diet were ‘butter, spreadable fats and oils’ and ‘vegetables and vegetable dishes’. When vitamin E intake from supplements was taken into account, supplements were found to be the main contributor, making a contribution of 29·2 % to vitamin E intake in the total population. Supplement consumers had significantly higher plasma α-tocopherol concentrations and lower plasma γ-tocopherol concentrations when compared with non-consumers. Consumers of ‘vitamin E’ supplements had significantly higher vitamin E intake levels and plasma α-tocopherol concentrations compared with consumers of other types of supplements, such as multivitamin and fish oil. Comparison with the Institute of Medicine Estimated Average Requirement of 12 mg/d indicated that when vitamin E intake from food and supplement sources was taken into account, 100 % of the study participants achieved the recommended intake levels. When vitamin E intake from food sources was taken into account, only 68·4 % of the females were found to achieve the recommended intake levels compared with 99·2 % of the males. The results of the present study show that dietary vitamin E intake has a significant effect on plasma α- and γ-tocopherol concentrations. Furthermore, they show that the consumption of supplements is a major contributor to overall intake and has a significant effect on plasma vitamin E concentrations in the Irish population.

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The Effect of Supplementation with Selenium and Vitamin E in Psoriasis

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456328902600113 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 83-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

G M Fairris ◽

Barbara Lloyd ◽

Lesley Hinks ◽

Pauline J Perkins ◽

Barbara E Clayton

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Blood Plasma ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Selenium Concentration ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Red Cell ◽

Selenium Status ◽

Baseline Values ◽

The Mean ◽

Plasma Vitamin E

Since reduced concentrations of selenium in whole blood, plasma and white cells had previously been observed in psoriasis, 69 patients were supplemented daily with either 600 μg of selenium-enriched yeast, 600 μg of selenium-enriched yeast plus 600 IU of vitamin E or a placebo for 12 weeks. Before supplementation, the patients' mean concentrations of selenium in whole blood and plasma were reduced compared with those of matched healthy controls but their red cell glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was normal. After 12 weeks supplementation the patients' mean whole blood, plasma and platelet selenium concentrations, platelet GSH-Px activity and plasma vitamin E concentration had risen significantly from the baseline values but their mean skin selenium concentration and red cell GSH-Px activity remained unchanged. The mean white cell selenium concentration rose only in the group receiving selenium alone. Neither supplementation regimen reduced the severity of psoriasis or produced side-effects. The increase in platelet GSH-Px activity suggests that the supplements were bioavailable and that the patients' selenium status may have been reduced prior to supplementation. The failure of the selenium content of the skin to increase may explain why the patients' psoriasis remained unchanged during supplementation.

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Dietary vitamin C supplementation and plasma vitamin E levels in humans

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2394 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 33 (11) ◽

pp. 2394-2395 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert E. Keith ◽

Barbara M. Chrisley ◽

Judy A. Driskell

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Vitamin C Supplementation ◽

Plasma Vitamin E

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Vitamin E and selenium status of sheep during autumn in Western Australia and its relationship to the incidence of apparent white muscle disease

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea05123 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 535 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

C. L. White ◽

L. Rewell

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Whole Blood ◽

White Muscle ◽

Selenium Deficiency ◽

Muscle Disease ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Vitamin E Deficiency ◽

White Muscle Disease ◽

Adult Sheep ◽

Plasma Vitamin E

This paper reports on the status of vitamin E and selenium in weaner and adult sheep in Western Australia (WA) during autumn, and its relationship to the incidence of apparent white muscle disease (WMD). A survey was conducted in which blood samples were taken from 10 weaner sheep (8–12 months of age) and 10 adult ewes (3 years of age) from flocks on 38 properties within the main southern agricultural region of WA, an area carrying ~10 million sheep. Deficiency of vitamin E was defined as a plasma α-tocopherol concentration less than 0.7 mg/L. Selenium deficiency was defined as whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity less than 50 U/L. Incidence and severity of apparent WMD were defined in terms of elevated plasma activities of creatine kinase (CK) or aspartate aminotransaminase (AST). Of the weaner flocks, 58% (22/38) had mean plasma vitamin E concentrations in the deficient range (<0.7 mg/L) and 50% (19/38) had mean CK activities above 400 U/L (mild WMD); four of these flocks had mean CK activities over 1200 U/L (severe WMD). Of all the individual weaner sheep sampled, 6% had plasma CK activities >1200 U/L. It is likely that the incidence of vitamin E deficiency would have been higher had it not been for unseasonal summer rain germinating pasture on eight of the survey farms in the northern wheat belt. Flocks from farms with an evident green flush to their pastures had higher vitamin E levels than flocks grazing dry pasture. Vitamin E deficiency was less common in adult sheep than weaner sheep, with only 16% of flocks (6/38) having mean plasma concentrations below 0.7 mg/L and 11% (4/38) with CK values above 400 U/L. Selenium deficiency was less common than vitamin E deficiency and was mostly confined to adult flocks, with only 5% (2/38) of these having mean GPx values below the critical value of 50 U/g haemoglobin. For both weaner and adult sheep classed as vitamin E deficient, CK and AST activity in plasma was best described by a combination of plasma vitamin E concentration and whole blood activity of GPx (significant linear step wise regression, P < 0.001). The present study shows that subclinical vitamin E deficiency (<0.7 mg/L) was widespread in weaner flocks in WA during autumn and that, based on the biochemical data, deficiency was associated with apparent severe muscle damage in 6% of weaner sheep sampled. Recommended strategies to treat weaner sheep showing signs of WMD include dosing with 2000–4000 mg vitamin E either by injection, oral drench or by spraying it onto supplementary grain. The level and frequency of dosing depends upon the severity of the WMD symptoms. Less is known about preventative treatment, but recent evidence suggests that providing weaner sheep with access to saltbush during autumn may prove to be a practically useful strategy. Selenium supplements should also be supplied to weaner and adult sheep in areas known to be selenium deficient.

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Glutathione peroxidase activity and erythrocyte stability in calves differing in selenium and vitamin E status

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19810040 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 345-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

R. C. Siddons ◽

C. F. Mills

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Peroxidase Activity ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase Activity ◽

Bull Calves ◽

Plasma Vitamin E ◽

Erythrocyte Stability ◽

Vitamin E Status

1. Glutathione peroxidase activity (EC1.11.1.9) and erythrocyte stability were measured in Friesian bull calves which were given for 36 weeks semi-purified diets either adequate or low in selenium or vitamin E or both.2. Dietary Se or vitamin E content had no effect on growth rate and haematological vaiues. None of the calves exhibited clinical deficiency symptoms and serum aspartate amino transferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activities remained normal. Heart and skeletal muscles of all calves appeared macroscopically and microscopically normal at autopsy.3. Glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma, blood and other tissues, except the testis, was significantly lower in calves receiving low dietary Se but was independent of dietary vitamin E content.4. Plasma vitamin E levels decreased rapidly and to very low levels in calves given low vitamin E diets irrespective of the Se content of the diet.5. A low dietary vitamin E intake increased the susceptibility of erythrocytes to auto- and peroxidative haemolysis whereas a low Se intake in the presence of adequate vitamin E did not. However, erythrocytes from calves receiving low Se and low vitamin E were more susceptible to peroxidative haemolysis than erythrocytes from calves receiving low vitamin E and adequate Se. The effect of dietary vitamin E content on osmotic haemolysis induced by hypotonic saline was variable.6. The results suggest that measurement of blood glutathione peroxidase activity and the susceptibility of erythrocytes to auto- or peroxidative haemolysis could be used for the differential diagnosis of subclinical Se and vitamin E deficiency in ruminants.

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Effect of high concentrations of dietary vitamin e during various age periods on performance, plasma vitamin e and meat stability of broiler chicks at 7 weeks of age

British Poultry Science ◽

10.1080/00071669208417477 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 393-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

I. Bartov ◽

M. Frigg

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Plasma Vitamin E

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Biohydrogenation of dietaryn-3 PUFA and stability of ingested vitamin E in the rumen, and their effects on microbial activity in sheep

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20031078 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 539-550 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

S. Chikunya ◽

G. Demirel ◽

M. Enser ◽

J. D. Wood ◽

R. G. Wilkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Latin Square ◽

Tocopheryl Acetate ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Plasma Vitamin E ◽

The Stability ◽

Oil Blend

The present study investigated the susceptibility of dietaryn-3 PUFA to ruminal biohydrogenation, the stability of ingested vitamin E in the rumen and the subsequent uptake of PUFA and vitamin E into plasma. Six cannulated sheep were assigned to six diets over five 33d periods, in an incomplete 6×5 Latin square. The diets, based on dried grass, were formulated to supply 50g fatty acids/kg DM using three lipid sources: Megalac®(calcium soap of palm fatty acid distillate; Volac Ltd, Royston, Herts., UK), linseed (formaldehyde-treated; Trouw Nutrition, Northwich, Ches., UK) and linseed–fish oil (formaldehyde-treated linseed+fish oil). The diets were supplemented with 100 or 500mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM. Fat source or level of vitamin E in the diet did not alter microbial activity in the rumen. Biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (18:3n-6; 85–90%), linolenic acid (18:3n-3; 88–93%), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; 91%) and EPA (20:5n-3; 92%) was extensive. Feeding formaldehyde-treated linseed elevated concentrations of 18:3n-3 in plasma, whilst 22:6n-3 and 20:5n-3 were only increased by feeding the linseed–fish oil blend. Duodenal recovery of ingested vitamin E was high (range 0·79–0·92mg/mg fed). High dietary vitamin E was associated with increased plasma α-tocopherol (2·57v.1·46μg/ml for 500 and 100mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg DM respectively), although all concentrations were low. Plasma vitamin E levels, however, tended to decrease as the type and quantity of PUFA in the diet increased. The present study illustrates that nutritionally beneficial PUFA in both fish and linseed oils are highly susceptible to biohydrogenation in the rumen. Although α-tocopheryl acetate resisted degradation in the rumen, plasma vitamin E status remained deficient to borderline, suggesting either that uptake may have been impaired or metabolism post-absorption increased.

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Effect of forage type and supplemental dietary vitamin E on milk oxidative stability

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas91-139 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 1181-1186 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. W. G. Nicholson ◽

Anne-Marie St-Laurent

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Oxidative Stability ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Dietary Vitamin ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Forage Type ◽

Alfalfa Silage ◽

Plasma Vitamin E ◽

Spontaneous Oxidation ◽

Vitamin E Supplementation

Twelve Holstein cows in each of two replicates were used to determine the effect of forage type and vitamin E supplementation on the oxidative stability of milk. Alfalfa or corn silage was fed ad libitum as the sole roughage, with a concentrate to milk ratio of 1:2.5. Half the cows on each forage were fed 7000 IU d−1 of dL-α-tocopherol acetate top-dressed on the concentrate in two feedings per day over a 4-wk period. Cows consuming the alfalfa silage had higher (P < 0.05) plasma vitamin E content, but there were no differences in milk vitamin E or flavor due to forage type. Supplementing the diets with vitamin E resulted in higher (P < 0.01) vitamin E content of plasma and milk and improved milk oxidative stability. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) between forage type and vitamin E supplementation for oxidative flavor score in week 2. Supplementing the corn silage diet with 7000 IU d−1 of vitamin E resulted in almost complete elimination of oxidized flavor in milk within 1 wk of starting supplementation. However, supplementing the alfalfa silage diet had no effect on flavor over the first 3 wk of feeding. It is apparent that the vitamin E content of milk is not the sole determinant of its oxidative stability. Key words: Spontaneous oxidation, flavor, milk, vitamin E, alfalfa, corn silage, cow

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