Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species

Genomic instability is a condition that may be associated with carcinogenesis and/or physiological disorders when genetic lesions are not repaired. Besides, wild, captive, and domesticated vertebrates are exposed to xenobiotics, leading to health disorders due to cytogenotoxicity. This chapter provides an overview of tests to assess cytogenotoxicity based on micronuclei (MNi) formation. Bone marrow micronuclei test (BmMNt), peripheral blood erythrocyte micronuclei test (PBMNt), and lymphocyte cytokinesis blocking micronuclei assay (CBMN) are discussed. The most illustrative studies of these techniques applied in different vertebrates of veterinary interest are described. The values of spontaneous basal micronuclei in captive, experimental, and farm animals (rodents, hamsters, pigs, goats, cattle, horses, fish) are summarized. In addition, a flow cytometry technique is presented to reduce the time taken to record MNi and other cellular abnormalities. Flow cytometry is helpful to analyze some indicators of genomic instability, such as cell death processes and stages (necrosis, apoptosis) and to efficiently evaluate some biomarkers of genotoxicity like MNi in BmMNt, PBMNt, and CBMN. The intention is to provide veterinary professionals with techniques to assess and interpret cytogenotoxicity biomarkers to anticipate therapeutic management in animals at risk of carcinogenesis or other degenerative diseases.

EFFECT OF ENROFLOXACIN ON RED BLOOD CELL INDICES OF DUCKLINGS

In this study we present the results of our research into the effect of Enrofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone drug) on red blood cell indices of ducklings, breed Bashkir duck. The ducklings of the experiment group received Enrofloxacin at a concentration of 200 g/L via drinking water for 10 consecutive days. Blood samples from all the ducklings were collected by cardiac puncture on Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, Day 7, Day 9 and Day 11 after the withdrawal of the drug. After evaluating red blood cell indices, including RBC count, hematocrit, color index of blood, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin content and erythrocyte indices we observed short-term reliable changes in blood of ducklings in the experiment group. We registered the most dynamic changes in RBC count of Group II on Day 1, Day 9 and Day 11, when it increased by 16%, 14% and 16% respectively whereas on Day 3 we registered a single decrease by 8% as compared to the control group. We marked ambiguous variations in color index of blood, MCV and MHC. Throughout the experiment we noted the most pronounced changes in practically every value only on Day 5, when we registered increases in RBC count, hemoglobin content, color index of blood, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and mean hemoglobin content of duckling blood. In spite of the fact that these singular changes may reflect certain intensification of erythropoiesis, on the whole they do not reflect any negative effect of Enrofloxacin on physiological status of ducklings.

Effect of beta-glucan on the organism of broilers

Our studies are devoted to the search for new drugs with antioxidant, antihypoxant, immunomodulatory effects in order to in-crease the productivity of poultry. Due to the fact that beta-glucan has not previously been studied on poultry, before determining the effective therapeutic range of its doses, it is necessary to study the effect of a conditionally therapeutic dose of the drug on the body. A conditionally therapeu-tic dose - hereinafter - means the average therapeutic dose of a drug offered by the manufacturers of the respective drugs, calcu-lated for humans (mammals).The main pur-pose is to study the effect of beta-glucan on meat productivity, morphological, biochemi-cal indices of blood. In the experiment we used clinically healthy young hens of meat breeds of three months of age of the “Cobb 500” cross. The broilers of the first group (n = 9) were not prescribed the drug, they served as controls; the second group (n = 9) were given beta-glucan at 10 mg/kg body weight, corresponding to 125 g/t of food, for 14 days. The use of beta-glucan was accom-panied by an increase in the average daily body weight, gain by 4,9%, slaughter yield by 1,5%, a significant increase in blood erythrocyte content by 32,6% on day 7, monocyte level by half, a decrease in total bilirubin by 21,0%, and a decrease in blood malonic dialdehyde by 10,8% on day 14. Cumulatively all data collected indicates positive effect of beta-glucan on meat productivity, morphological composition of blood broilers and metabolism in organism and prospects of its use in poultry industry.

PENGARUH HIJAMAH TERHADAP KADAR ERITROSIT DAN HEMATOKRIT DARAH VENA ORANG SEHAT

Hijamah is a treatment technique, based on the tradition that has been practiced by humans since time immemorial, now the treatment has been modernized and adjusted and follows scientific principles by using practical, sterile and effective tools, hijamah is done to remove blood dangerous from inside the body through puncture on the surface of the skin, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of hijamah on erythrocyte levels and hematocrit of venous blood of healthy people. South while blood collection was carried out at the South Sumatra Provincial Center for Health Laboratory (BBLK), the study sample was 30 people with healthy conditions, aged 18 to 22 years, this study was conducted 8 hours after hijamah treatment, the results of the study were significant differences after doing hijamah on venous blood erythrocyte levels of healthy people with a p value of 0.012, while at hematocrit levels there was a statistically significant difference in hematocrit levels of healthy venous blood with p value 0.001. Hijamah affects levels of erythrocytes and hematocrit, hijamah can be used in alternative and complementary medicine. Keywords: Hijamah. Erythrocytes, Hematocrit

ANALYSIS OF NONSURGICAL POSTOPERATIVE VENTRAL HERNIA PREDICTORS

Aim. The aim of this study was to detect the predictors of the postoperative herniation in midline laparotomy as the most frequent type of approach in urgent surgery. The study included retro-and-prospective analysis of 398 case histories. Analysis was performed according to 45 signs. Materials and methods. The following parameters were taken into account: Kettle index, anterior abdominal wall status, presence of the signs of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, hard physical labour, use of bandage in the postoperative period as well as blood erythrocyte and hemoglobin indices, bilirubin and creatinine levels. Separately, the following parameters were assessed: presence of aponeurosis defects (physically and by US data) and presence of hernia outpouching. Results. According to the obtained data, the indications to preventive endoprosthetic replacement of the anterior abdominal wall were formed. Conclusions. Combination of some factors, not connected with surgical treatment, raises the risk for herniation, being the indication to preventive endoprosthesis replacement of the abdominal wall.

Mid-aortic syndrome secondary to Takayasu’s disease

A 24-year-old young woman with good past health presented with hypertension during body check. Blood erythrocyte sedimentary rate level was elevated. CT and MR angiography revealed moderate stenosis of abdominal aorta and bilaterally renal arteries. She was diagnosed with mid-aortic syndrome caused by Takayasu arteritis based on clinical, radiological and pathological findings. She was treated with abdominal aorta resection, graft replacement and aorta-renal bypass. Pathology was compatible with Takayasu arteritis. Postoperatively, her blood pressure was normalised. She was prescribed with long-term prednisolone and aspirin for her arteritis.