Post-COVID-19 travel behaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain

Abstract Background The COVID-19 crisis has meant a significant change in the lifestyle of millions of people worldwide. With a lockdown that lasted almost three months and an impulse to new normality, transport demand has suffered a considerable impact in the Spanish case. It is mandatory to explore the effect of the pandemic on changes in travel behaviour in post-COVID-19 times. Methodology A nationwide survey was carried out during the lockdown in Spring 2020 to overview the recent changes. The survey collected both stated preferences (socio-demographic characteristics and mobility-related attributes), and revealed preferences (individuals’ habits, especially in the frequency of the trips according to the trip purpose, and opinions regarding the willingness and acceptability of these changes, and which actors would have to drive them, and how) of individuals. This paper aims to study and understand the willingness to adopt a set of measures to improve the safety conditions of public transport and shared mobility services against possible contagion from COVID-19 and the willingness to pay for them. Results The results obtained show that some measures, such as the increase of supply and vehicle disinfection, result in a greater willingness to use public transport in post-COVID-19 times. Similarly, the provision of covers for handlebars and steering wheels also significantly increases individuals’ willingness to use sharing services. However, respondents expect that these measures and improvements would be implemented but maintaining the same pre-COVID-19 prices. The results of this research might help operators deploy strategies to adopt their services and retain users.

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PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE TRAVEL BEHAVIOR THROUGH TRANSPORT POLICY MEASURES

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pm.v15i2.270 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Na'asah Nasrudin ◽

Yusfida Ayu Abdullah ◽

Oliver Ling Hoon Leh

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Travel Behavior ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

Sustainable Transportation ◽

Transport Policy ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Policy Measures ◽

Willingness To Use

This paper examines how transport policy measures have influenced travel behaviour to promote sustainable transportation. Data were collected through a survey on 384 vehicle users to represent the 36 sections of Shah Alam, Selangor. This paper also studied the readiness of an urban population to reduce car usage. Maj ority of the respondents stated that the increase in petrol and toll prices would be the key factors to reduce car use, and more provision of public transport would encourage them to use public transport. However, Chi-square test showed that the willingness of the respondents to use public transport has a strong relationship with the frequency of driving a vehicle. The level of willingness to use public transport is lower when a car is used more frequently. Results also suggested that the majority of the respondents were not ready to consider cycling and walking as alternatives.

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Effects from usage of pre-trip information and passenger scheduling strategies on waiting times in public transport: an empirical survey based on a dedicated smartphone application

Public Transport ◽

10.1007/s12469-019-00220-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ulrik Berggren ◽

Karin Brundell-Freij ◽

Helena Svensson ◽

Anders Wretstrand

Keyword(s):

Travel Time ◽

Public Transport ◽

Waiting Times ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Ground Truth ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

Smartphone Application ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Trip Purpose ◽

Departure Time

AbstractWaiting times are important indicators of the degree of travel time optimisation and other behavioural traits among public transport (PT) passengers. As previous studies have shown, the level and usage of pre-trip information regarding schedule or real-time departures are important factors that influence the potential to realise travel time savings by enabling PT passengers to optimise waiting times. Most empirical evidence regarding the revealed PT travel behaviour concerning information levels is based on manual interviews or traditional travel surveys, in which there is a risk that the actual context of where and when the choice of departure time was made is not taken into account. This paper reports the results of a travel survey based on a dedicated smartphone application applied in a field study in a Swedish mid-size urban and regional context. Context-aware notification prompting was used to allow respondents to state their use of pre-trip information as well as whether they had pre-planned their trip and how contingent planning aids were used for time optimisation. The implications on passenger waiting times of the use of information regarding departure times by passengers were emphasised during analyses of the resulting data, along with personal characteristics, in which auxiliary sources such as timetable data and Automatic Vehicle Location were utilised to determine ground truth trip trajectories and trip-contextual factors. The results indicate the significance of having access to pre-trip information, especially for long trips above one hour’s duration, in order to pre-plan and thereby optimise waiting times. In addition, the use and source of pre-trip information differ among age and gender groups. Trip purpose and time of day to some extent determine waiting times and choice of trip optimisation strategy (arrival or departure time).

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Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Elderly Public Transport Mode Preference

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13094752 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 4752

Author(s):

Kaniz Fatima ◽

Sara Moridpour ◽

Tayebeh Saghapour

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

The Elderly ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Trip Duration ◽

Transport Mode ◽

Trip Purpose ◽

Temporal Study

The elderly population is increasing rapidly. Understanding travel behaviour for this group of commuters (in terms of the trip purpose and travel time) is necessary for future transport planning. Many researchers are working on travel’s spatial and temporal analysis to provide operational decision making and transport network planning. This research study’s primary purpose is to identify the influence of trip duration (using public transport), time of the day (usage of public transport), and public transport (PT) accessibility over public transport mode preference by elderly (over 65 years of age) commuters. The methodology of this study is divided into two parts as spatial analysis and temporal analysis. The research identified the dependency of trip duration, time of the day, geographical areas, and PT access over transport mode preference of elderly. The temporal study shows that transport mode preference can vary depending on trip purposes. However, for specific trip durations and times of the day, the elderly sometimes choose PT as a mobility mode. For instance, on shopping trips between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m., the elderly have a greater possibility of choosing public transport over private vehicles. Moreover, the results show the public transport mode preference based on different times of the day and trip purposes. Urban and transport planner can use the results to modify/plan public transport schedule, which can be easily accessible by the elderly population.

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Who Is Willing to Share Their AV? Insights about Gender Differences among Seven Countries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13094769 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 4769

Author(s):

Amalia Polydoropoulou ◽

Ioannis Tsouros ◽

Nikolas Thomopoulos ◽

Cristina Pronello ◽

Arnór Elvarsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Willingness To Pay ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Stated Preference ◽

Autonomous Vehicle ◽

Mixed Logit ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

User Preferences ◽

Traffic Conditions ◽

Study Results ◽

Willingness To Adopt

The introduction of shared autonomous vehicles into the transport system is suggested to bring significant impacts on traffic conditions, road safety and emissions, as well as overall reshaping travel behaviour. Compared with a private autonomous vehicle, a shared automated vehicle (SAV) is associated with different willingness-to-adopt and willingness-to-pay characteristics. An important aspect of future SAV adoption is the presence of other passengers in the SAV—often people unknown to the cotravellers. This study presents a cross-country exploration of user preferences and WTP calculations regarding mode choice between a private non-autonomous vehicle, and private and shared autonomous vehicles. To explore user preferences, the study launched a survey in seven European countries, including a stated-preference experiment of user choices. To model and quantify the effect of travel mode attributes and socio-demographic characteristics, the study employs a mixed logit model. The model results were the basis for calculating willingness-to-pay values for all countries and travel modes, and provide insight into the significant heterogeneous, gender-wise effect of cotravellers in the choice to use an SAV. The study results highlight the importance of analysis of the effect of SAV attributes and shared-ride conditions on the future acceptance and adoption rates of such services.

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PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE TRAVEL BEHAVIOR THROUGH TRANSPORT POLICY MEASURES

PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL ◽

10.21837/pmjournal.v16.i6.270 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Na'sah Nasrudin ◽

Yusfida Ayu Abdullah ◽

Oliver Ling Hoon Leh

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Travel Behavior ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

Sustainable Transportation ◽

Transport Policy ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Policy Measures ◽

Willingness To Use

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Shifting to Shared Wheels: Factors Affecting Dockless Bike-Sharing Choice for Short and Long Trips

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12198205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 8205 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ioannis Politis ◽

Ioannis Fyrogenis ◽

Efthymis Papadopoulos ◽

Anastasia Nikolaidou ◽

Eleni Verani

Keyword(s):

Stated Preference ◽

Vehicle Ownership ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Demographic Groups ◽

Trip Purpose ◽

Shared Mobility ◽

Attractive Option ◽

Bike Sharing ◽

Mode Of Transport ◽

Willingness To Use

In this paper, we explore users’ intentions to use bike-sharing systems (BSS) compared to traditional competitive transport modes—private car, bus and walking. Fueled by the increasingly rampant growth of shared economy and Information and Communication Technology (ICT), shared mobility is gaining increasing traction. The numbers of shared mobility schemes are rapidly growing worldwide and are accompanied by changes in the traditional vehicle ownership model. In order to pinpoint the factors that strongly affect the willingness to use BSS, a stated preference survey among car and bus users as well as pedestrians was designed and conducted. Binary logit models of the choice between the currently preferred transportation modes and BSSs were developed, for short and long-duration trips, respectively. The results highlight a distinctive set of factors and patterns affecting the willingness to adopt bike-sharing: choice is most sensitive to travel time and cost of the competitive travel options. In general, users are more willing to make the switch to a BSS, especially for short trip durations, when their typical mode of transport becomes more expensive. Bike-sharing also seems to be a more attractive option for certain user socio-demographic groups per mode and trip duration (age, education level, employment status, household income). Trip characteristics such as trip purpose and frequency were also found to affect the willingness to choose BSS. In general, BSS seem to mainly attract bus users and pedestrians, while car users may use BSS more sparingly, mainly for commuting purposes.

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Analysing the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on everyday travel behaviour in Germany and potential implications for future travel patterns

European Transport Research Review ◽

10.1186/s12544-021-00486-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Viktoriya Kolarova ◽

Christine Eisenmann ◽

Claudia Nobis ◽

Christian Winkler ◽

Barbara Lenz

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Online Survey ◽

Adult Population ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Age Groups ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

German Population ◽

Travel Patterns ◽

Home Office ◽

The Impact

Abstract Introduction The global Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is having a great impact on all areas of the everyday life, including travel behaviour. Various measures that focus on restricting social contacts have been implemented in order to reduce the spread of the virus. Understanding how daily activities and travel behaviour change during such global crisis and the reasons behind is crucial for developing suitable strategies for similar future events and analysing potential mid- and long-term impacts. Methods In order to provide empirical insights into changes in travel behaviour during the first Coronavirus-related lockdown in 2020 for Germany, an online survey with a relative representative sample for the German population was conducted a week after the start of the nationwide contact ban. The data was analysed performing descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Results and Discussion The results suggest in general an increase in car use and decrease in public transport use as well as more negative perception of public transport as a transport alternative during the pandemic. Regarding activity-related travel patterns, the findings show firstly, that the majority of people go less frequent shopping; simultaneously, an increase in online shopping can be seen and characteristics of this group were analysed. Secondly, half of the adult population still left their home for leisure or to run errands; young adults were more active than all other age groups. Thirdly, the majority of the working population still went to work; one out of four people worked in home-office. Lastly, potential implications for travel behaviour and activity patterns as well as policy measures are discussed.

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The Effects of Mobility as a Service and Autonomous Vehicles on People’s Willingness to Own a Car in the Future

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041962 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1962

Author(s):

Timo Liljamo ◽

Heikki Liimatainen ◽

Markus Pöllänen ◽

Riku Viri

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

Car Ownership ◽

Key Factors ◽

Sustainable Mobility ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Mobility Service ◽

The Future ◽

Mobility Behaviour

Car ownership is one of the key factors affecting travel behaviour and thus also essential in terms of sustainable mobility. This study examines car ownership and how people’s willingness to own a car may change in the future, when considering the effects of public transport, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and automated vehicles (AVs). Results of two citizen surveys conducted with representative samples (NAV-survey = 2036; NMaaS-survey = 1176) of Finns aged 18–64 are presented. The results show that 39% of respondents would not want or need to own a car if public transport connections were good enough, 58% if the described mobility service was available and 65% if all vehicles in traffic were automated. Hence, car ownership can decrease as a result of the implementation of AVs and MaaS, and higher public transport quality of service. Current mobility behaviour has a strong correlation to car ownership, as respondents who use public transport frequently feel less of a will or need to own a car than others. Generally, women and younger people feel less of a will or need to own a car, but factors such as educational level and residential location seem to have a relatively low effect.

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Exploring the Impact of Demographic Factors on E-Government Services Adoption

Information Resources Management Journal ◽

10.4018/irmj.2018070101 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Isaac Kofi Mensah ◽

Jianing Mi

Keyword(s):

Demographic Factors ◽

Data Capture ◽

Demographic Factor ◽

Government Services ◽

Gender And Education ◽

Adoption And Implementation ◽

Willingness To Adopt ◽

Willingness To Use ◽

The Impact ◽

Data Capture And Analysis

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of demographic factors on the adoption of e-government services. Specifically, this article sought to examine the extent to which demographic factors such as age, gender and education would influence the willingness to adopt and use e-government services. The data capture and analysis was done with SPSS. The results indicate that age as a demographic factor was significant in determining the willingness of citizens to use e-government services. The results, however, showed that gender and education as demographic factors were not positively significant in predicting the willingness to use e-government services. The implications of these findings on the adoption and implementation of e-government are further discussed.

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Motivating Public Transport Use: Travel Behaviour and Integrated Ticketing for Greater Wellington

10.26686/wgtn.16992784 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Camilla Morley

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Travel Behaviour ◽

Environmental Problems ◽

Integrated Modelling ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Service Reliability ◽

Psychological Constructs ◽

Car Use ◽

Transport Behaviour ◽

Stakeholder Communication

<p>Car use is engrained in our culture. Changing behaviour towards using more sustainable travel modes such as public transport is notoriously difficult, despite the increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by car use. Integrated ticketing is a policy measure more recently used in strategies towards achieving integrated and sustainable transport systems. It allows a passenger to travel with one public transport ticket throughout a region. This research uses a mixed method approach to assess how integrated ticketing may affect public transport use in Greater Wellington. The psychological constructs determining decisions to use public transport are tested using an integrated environmental behaviour model proposed by Bamberg and Möser (2007). The results support the integrated modelling approach. Intentions to use public transport are indirectly affected by awareness of environmental problems caused by car use mediated through social norms, guilt, perceived behavioural control and attitude. The intention to use public transport explains 56% of the variance in public transport behaviour. Integrated ticketing presents an opportunity to increase the ease and convenience of travel, shown to be important in the model. The majority of survey respondents perceived that they would use integrated ticketing in Greater Wellington and that it was important both on a regional and national scale. Achieving an effective integrated ticketing system in Greater Wellington will be conditional on firstly improving public transport service reliability and stakeholder communication. Integrating fares across the region and across modes will also be crucial to the success of the system.</p>

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