scholarly journals Influence of inoculated gut bacteria on the development of Bactrocera dorsalis and on its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gichuhi ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Johnnie Van den Berg ◽  
Samira Mohamed ◽  
Sunday Ekesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free) B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Results We sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic B. dorsalis embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome, in addition to flies inoculated with Providencia alcalifaciens. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome. Conclusions These findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Influence of inoculated gut bacteria on the development of Bactrocera dorsalis and on its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gichuhi ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Johnnie Van den Berg ◽  
Samira Mohamed ◽  
Sunday Ekesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free) B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. We sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic B. dorsalis embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome. These findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Influence of inoculated gut bacteria on the development of Bactrocera dorsalis and on its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gichuhi ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Johnnie Van den Berg ◽  
Samira Mohamed ◽  
Sunday Ekesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free) B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae.Results: We sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic B. dorsalis embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome, in addition to flies inoculated with Providencia alcalifaciens. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome.Conclusions: These findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Influence of inoculated gut bacteria on the development of Bactrocera dorsalis and on its susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gichuhi ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Johnnie Van den Berg ◽  
Samira Mohamed ◽  
Sunday Ekesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic (germ-free) B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. Results: We sequenced 16S rRNA to evaluate microbiomes and coupled this with bacterial culturing. Bacterial isolates were mono-associated with axenic B. dorsalis embryos. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in axenic fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome, in addition to flies inoculated with Providencia alcalifaciens. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos that had been mono-associated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome. Conclusions: These findings will contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Influence of Bactrocera Dorsalis Larval Gut Bacteria on its Susceptibility to the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Metarhizium Anisopliae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Gichuhi ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Johnnie Van den Berg ◽  
Samira Mohamed ◽  
Sunday Ekesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Symbiotic interactions between insects and bacteria have been associated with a vast variety of physiological, ecological and evolutionary consequences for the host. A wide range of bacterial communities have been found in association with the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), an important pest of cultivated fruit in most regions of the world. We evaluated the diversity of gut bacteria in B. dorsalis specimens from several populations in Kenya and investigated the roles of individual bacterial isolates in the development of axenic B. dorsalis fly lines and their responses to the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. We utilized a high throughput sequencing approach of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to evaluate microbiomes, coupled with culture and mono-association for the assay. The shortest embryonic development period was recorded in flies with an intact gut microbiome while the longest period was recorded in germ-free fly lines. Similarly, larval development was shortest in flies with an intact gut microbiome. Adult B. dorsalis flies emerging from embryos inoculated with a strain of Lactococcus lactis had decreased survival when challenged with a standard dosage of M. anisopliae ICIPE69 conidia. However, there were no differences in survival between the germ-free lines and flies with an intact microbiome. These findings contribute to the selection of probiotics used in artificial diets for B. dorsalis rearing and the development of improved integrated pest management strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Effects of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae on the Mortality and Immune Response of Locusta migratoria

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuji Jiang ◽  
Yifan Peng ◽  
Jiayi Ye ◽  
Yiyi Wen ◽  
Gexin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Locusta Migratoria Manilensis

Entomopathogenic fungi are the key regulators of insect populations and some of them are important biological agents used in integrated pest management strategies. Compared with their ability to become resistant to insecticides, insect pests do not easily become resistant to the infection by entomopathogenic fungi. In this study, we evaluated the mortality and immune response of the serious crop pest Locusta migratoria manilensis after exposure to a new entomopathogenic fungus strain, Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421. M. anisopliae CQMa421 could effectively infect and kill the L. migratoria adults and nymphs. The locust LT50 under 1 × 108 conidia/mL concentration of M. anisopliae was much lower than that under conidial concentration 1 × 105 conidia/mL (i.e., 6.0 vs. 11.2 and 5.0 vs. 13.8 for adults and nymphs, respectively). The LC50 (log10) of M. anisopliae against locust adults and nymphs after 10 days was 5.2 and 5.6, respectively. Although the number of hemocytes in L. migratoria after exposure to M. anisopliae did not differ with that in the controls, the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and prophenoloxidase (ProPO) did differ between the two treatments. The activities of both SOD and ProPO under the M. anisopliae treatment were lower than that in the controls, except for the ProPO activity at 72 h and the SOD activity at 96 h. Further, the expression of the L. migratoria immune-related genes defensin, spaetzle, and attacin differed after exposure to M. anisopliae for 24 h to 96 h. Taken together, this study indicated that infection with M. anisopliae CQMa421 could cause the death of L. migratoria by interacting with the immune responses of the host, demonstrating that this fungal strain of M. anisopliae can be an efficient biocontrol agent against L. migratoria.

The influence of antibiotics on gut bacteria diversity associated with laboratory-reared Bactrocera dorsalis

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Bai ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
M.S. Noman ◽  
L. Zeng ◽  
M. Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Oriental Fruit Fly ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Bacteria Diversity ◽  
Host Fruit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Uncultivable Bacteria

AbstractThe oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a destructive insect pest of a wide range of fruit crops. Commensal bacteria play a very important part in the development, reproduction, and fitness of their host fruit fly. Uncovering the function of gut bacteria has become a worldwide quest. Using antibiotics to remove gut bacteria is a common method to investigate gut bacteria function. In the present study, three types of antibiotics (tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin), each with four different concentrations, were used to test their effect on the gut bacteria diversity of laboratory-reared B. dorsalis. Combined antibiotics can change bacteria diversity, including cultivable and uncultivable bacteria, for both male and female adult flies. Secondary bacteria became the dominant population in female and male adult flies with the decrease in normally predominant bacteria. However, in larvae, only the predominant bacteria decreased, the bacteria diversity did not change a lot, likely because of the short acting time of the antibiotics. The bacteria diversity did not differ among fruit fly treatments with antibiotics of different concentrations. This study showed the dynamic changes of gut bacterial diversity in antibiotics-treated flies, and provides a foundation for research on the function of gut bacteria of the oriental fruit fly.

scholarly journals Intestinal bacteria modulate the foraging behavior of the Oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis(Diptera: Tephritidae)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazarin Akami ◽  
Awawing A. Andongma ◽  
Chen Zhengzhong ◽  
Jiang Nan ◽  
Kanjana Khaeso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Insect Gut

AbstractThe gut microbiome of insects directly or indirectly affects the metabolism, immune status, sensory perception and feeding behavior of its host. Here, we examine the hypothesis that in the Oriental fruit fly(Bactrocera dorsalis, Diptera: Tephritidae), the presence or absence of gut symbionts affects foraging behavior and nutrient ingestion. We offered protein starved flies, symbiotic or aposymbiotic, a choice between diets containing all amino acids or only the non-essential ones. The different diets were presented in a foraging arena as drops that varied in their size and density, creating an imbalanced foraging environment. Suppressing the microbiome resulted in significant changes of the foraging behavior of both male and female flies. Aposymbiotic flies responded faster to the diets offered in experimental arenas, spent more time feeding, ingested more drops of food, and were constrained to feed on time consuming patches (containing small drops of food), when these offered the full complement of amino acids. We discuss these results in the context of previous studies on the effect of the gut microbiome on host behavior, and suggest that these be extended to the life history dimension.Importance and significance of the studyThe gut bacteria of tephritid fruit flies provide nutritional benefits to their hosts, by making essential amino-acids readily available. Foraging for food is risky, as active flies are exposed to predators and incur a considerable investment of time and energy. Therefore, making beneficial compromises between the feeding time and nutrient ingestion is a question of survival for the flies. Our study demonstrates how gut bacteria drive this behavior by allowing symbiotic flies to forage optimally while acquiring essential nutrients. This finding adds a novel step to the nexus connecting the insect gut, its microbiome, the nervous system, chemoreception to individual patterns of foraging.

Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Meredith Spratford
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Gut Bacteria on the Physiology of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier and Their Potential for the Control of This Pest

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Qian-Xia Liu ◽  
Zhi-Ping Su ◽  
Hui-Hui Liu ◽  
Sheng-Ping Lu ◽  
Bing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Red Palm Weevil ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Palm Weevil

Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a notorious pest, which infests palm trees and has caused great economic losses worldwide. At present, insecticide applications are still the main way to control this pest. However, pesticide resistance has been detected in the field populations of RPW. Thus, future management strategies based on the novel association biological control need be developed. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal tract of RPW is often colonized by multiple microbial species as mammals and model insects, and gut bacteria have been found to promote the growth, development and immune activity of RPW larvae by modulating nutrient metabolism. Furthermore, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), PGRP-LB and PGRP-S1, can act as the negative regulators to modulate the intestinal immunity to maintain the homeostasis of gut bacteria in RPW larvae. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the gut bacterial composition of RPW and their impact on the physiological traits of RPW larvae. In contrast with metazoans, it is much easier to make genetic engineered microbes to produce some active molecules against pests. From this perspective, because of the profound effects of gut bacteria on host phenotypes, it is promising to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind their effect on host physiology and facilitate the development of microbial resource-based management methods for pest control.

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