scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-infected tomatoes: a role of salicylic acid in the host response

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Yokotani ◽  
Yoshinori Hasegawa ◽  
Masaru Sato ◽  
Hideki Hirakawa ◽  
Yusuke Kouzai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Causal Genes ◽  
Host Defense Response ◽  
Signaling Activation ◽  
Sa Signaling

AbstractBacterial canker of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is an economically important disease. To understand the host defense response to Cmm infection, transcriptome sequences in tomato cotyledons were analyzed by RNA-seq. Overall, 1788 and 540 genes were upregulated and downregulated upon infection, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in the defense response, phosphorylation, and hormone signaling were over-represented by the infection. Induced expression of defense-associated genes suggested that the tomato response to Cmm showed similarities to common plant disease responses. After infection, many resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were transcriptionally upregulated, including the expressions of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) involved in pattern-triggered immunity. The expressions of WRKYs, NACs, HSFs, and CBP60s encoding transcription factors (TFs) reported to regulate defense-associated genes were induced after infection with Cmm. Tomato genes orthologous to Arabidopsis EDS1, EDS5/SID1, and PAD4/EDS9, which are causal genes of salicylic acid (SA)-deficient mutants, were upregulated after infection with Cmm. Furthermore, Cmm infection drastically stimulated SA accumulation in tomato cotyledons. Genes involved in the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathway were upregulated, whereas metabolic enzyme gene expression in the isochorismate synthase pathway remained unchanged. Exogenously applied SA suppressed bacterial growth and induced the expression of WRKYs, suggesting that some Cmm-responsive genes are regulated by SA signaling, and SA signaling activation should improve tomato immunity against Cmm.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp. Michiganensis-Infected Tomatoes: A Role Of Salicylic Acid In The Host Response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Yokotani ◽  
Yoshinori Hasegawa ◽  
Masaru Sato ◽  
Hideki Hirakawa ◽  
Yusuke Kouzai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Signaling Activation ◽  
Sa Signaling

Abstract Bacterial canker of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is an economically important disease. However, the molecular events that occur are poorly understood. To understand the host defense response to C. michiganensis infection, transcriptome sequences in tomato cotyledons were analyzed by RNA-seq. Overall, 1,877 and 540 genes were upregulated and downregulated upon infection, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in the defense response, phosphorylation, and hormone signaling were over-represented by the infection. Induced expression of defense-associated genes suggested that the tomato response to C. michiganensis showed similarities to common plant disease responses. After infection, many resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were transcriptionally upregulated, including the expressions of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) involved in pattern-triggered immunity. The expressions of WRKYs, NACs, HSFs, and CBP60s encoding transcription factors (TFs) were upregulated, implying their involvement in defense-associated gene expression during tomato–C. michiganensis interactions. Tomato genes orthologous to Arabidopsis EDS1, EDS5/SID1, and PAD4/EDS9, which are causal genes of salicylic acid (SA)-deficient mutants, were activated, and infection drastically stimulated SA accumulation in tomatoes. Genes involved in the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathway were upregulated, whereas metabolic enzyme gene expression in the isochorismate synthase pathway remained unchanged. Exogenously applied SA suppressed bacterial growth and induced the expression of WRKYs, suggesting that some C. michiganensis-responsive genes are regulated by SA signaling, and SA signaling activation should improve tomato immunity against C. michiganensis.

scholarly journals Silencing of Host Basal Defense Response-Related Gene Expression Increases Susceptibility of Nicotiana benthamiana to Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasudevan Balaji ◽  
Guido Sessa ◽  
Christine D. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Basal Defense

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is an actinomycete, causing bacterial wilt and canker disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to identify genes playing a role in host basal defense response to C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis infection using Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant. A preliminary VIGS screen comprising 160 genes from tomato known to be involved in defense-related signaling identified a set of 14 genes whose suppression led to altered host–pathogen interactions. Expression of each of these genes and three additional targets was then suppressed in larger-scale VIGS experiments and the effect of silencing on development of wilt disease symptoms and bacterial growth during an N. benthamiana–C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis compatible interaction was determined. Disease susceptibility and in planta bacterial population size were enhanced by silencing genes encoding N. benthamiana homologs of ubiquitin activating enzyme, snakin-2, extensin-like protein, divinyl ether synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 2, and Pto-like kinase. The identification of genes having a role in the host basal defense-response to C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis advances our understanding of the plant responses activated by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and raises possibilities for devising novel and effective molecular strategies to control bacterial canker and wilt in tomato.

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. [Distribution map].

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Northern Russia ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Spieckermann & Kotthoff) Dye & Kemp. Actinobacteria: Actinomycetales: Microbacteriaceae. Hosts: potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Central Russia, Northern Russia, Siberia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK and Ukraine), Asia (China, Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea Democratic People's Republic, Korea Republic, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Turkey and Uzbekistan), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Idaho, Kansas, North Dakota and Oregon) and South America (Bolivia).

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains virulence and genetic diversity. a first study in Argentina

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Wassermann ◽  
Marcela Susana Montecchia ◽  
Olga Susana Correa ◽  
Vega Damián ◽  
Ana María Romero
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

scholarly journals Restoration of Defective Cross Talk in ssi2 Mutants: Role of Salicylic Acid, Jasmonic Acid, and Fatty Acids in SSI2-Mediated Signaling

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1022-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kachroo ◽  
Aardra Kachroo ◽  
Ludmila Lapchyk ◽  
David Hildebrand ◽  
Daniel F. Klessig
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Basal Level Expression ◽  
Sa Signaling ◽  
Spontaneous Cell Death

The Arabidopsis mutants ssi2 and fab2 are defective in stearoyl ACP desaturase, which causes altered salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense signaling. Both ssi2 and fab2 plants show spontaneous cell death, express PR genes constitutively, accumulate high levels of SA, and exhibit enhanced resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens. In contrast to constitutive activation of the SA pathway, ssi2 and fab2 plants are repressed in JA-mediated induction of the PDF1.2 gene, which suggests that the SSI2-mediated signaling pathway modulates cross talk between the SA and JA pathways. In this study, we have characterized two recessive nonallelic mutants in the ssi2 background, designated as rdc (restorer of defective cross talk) 2 and rdc8. Both ssi2 rdc mutants are suppressed in constitutive SA signaling, show basal level expression of PR-1 gene, and induce high levels of PDF1.2 in response to exogenous application of JA. Interestingly, while the rdc8 mutation completely abolishes spontaneous cell death in ssi2 rdc8 plants, the ssi2 rdc2 plants continue to show some albeit reduced cell death. Fatty acid (FA) analysis showed a reduction in 16:3 levels in ssi2 rdc8 plants, which suggests that this mutation may limit the flux of FAs into the pro-karyotic pathway of glycerolipid biosynthesis. Both rdc2 and rdc8 continue to accumulate high levels of 18:0, which suggests that 18:0 levels were responsible for neither constitutive SA signaling nor repression of JA-induced expression of the PDF1.2 gene in ssi2 plants. We also analyzed SA and JA responses of the fab2-derived shs1 mutant, which accumulates levels of 18:0 over 50% lower than those in the fab2 plants. Even though fab2 shs1 plants were morphologically bigger than fab2 plants, they expressed PR genes constitutively, showed HR-like cell death, and accumulated elevated levels of SA. However, unlike the ssi2 rdc plants, fab2 shs1 plants were unable to induce high levels of PDF1.2 expression in response to exogenous application of JA. Together, these results show that defective cross talk in ssi2 can be restored by second site mutations and is independent of morphological size of the plants, cell death, and elevated levels of 18:0.

scholarly journals A salivary effector enables whitefly to feed on host plants by eliciting salicylic acid-signaling pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Xing Xu ◽  
Li-Xin Qian ◽  
Xing-Wei Wang ◽  
Ruo-Xuan Shao ◽  
Yue Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Salicylic Acid Signaling ◽  
Homeobox Transcription Factor ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Sa Signaling

Phloem-feeding insects feed on plant phloem using their stylets. While ingesting phloem sap, these insects secrete saliva to circumvent plant defenses. Previous studies have shown that, to facilitate their feeding, many phloem-feeding insects can elicit the salicylic acid- (SA-) signaling pathway and thus suppress effective jasmonic acid defenses. However, the molecular basis for the regulation of the plant's defense by phloem-feeding insects remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Bt56, a whitefly-secreted low molecular weight salivary protein, is highly expressed in the whitefly primary salivary gland and is delivered into host plants during feeding. Overexpression of the Bt56 gene in planta promotes susceptibility of tobacco to the whitefly and elicits the SA-signaling pathway. In contrast, silencing the whitefly Bt56 gene significantly decreases whitefly performance on host plants and interrupts whitefly phloem feeding with whiteflies losing the ability to activate the SA pathway. Protein-protein interaction assays show that the Bt56 protein directly interacts with a tobacco KNOTTED 1-like homeobox transcription factor that decreases whitefly performance and suppresses whitefly-induced SA accumulation. The Bt56 orthologous genes are highly conserved but differentially expressed in different species of whiteflies. In conclusion, Bt56 is a key salivary effector that promotes whitefly performance by eliciting salicylic acid-signaling pathway.

Attempts at Biological Control of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis On Rockwool-Grown Greenhouse Tomatoes

2008 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Czesław Ślusarski
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
First Year ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽  
Bacterial Canker Of Tomato

Attempts at Biological Control ofClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensisOn Rockwool-Grown Greenhouse TomatoesTwo greenhouse experiments were conducted in which tomato plants artificially inoculated withClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensis(Cmm) were grown in an open rockwool system as spring and autumn crops. Two isolates of the rhizosphere bacteria,Pseudomonas fluorescensstrain PSR21,Pseudomonas reactansstrain GGS14, a commercial biocontrol agent Aqua Bac Plus (Bacillusspp.) and a proprietary disinfectant containing QAC+Chx, applied at weekly intervals, were evaluated for their efficiency in the suppression of the bacterial canker of tomato. All treatments tested revealed to be ineffective in controlling the disease. The introduction ofCmmbacteria into the fresh rockwool in the first year of its usage resulted in a 100% death of tomato plants, whereas following an artificial inoculation of two- and three-year-old rockwool slabs withCmmbacteria dead plants amounted to 70 and 58%, respectively. This indicates that in the re-used rockwool a natural microbial suppressiveness to bacterial canker of tomato might be developed in the root zone.

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