sa signaling
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Jiang ◽  
Xuejiao Jin ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Qinglin Pi ◽  
Qing Cao ◽  
...  

Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signaling molecule to perceive and defend against pathogen infections. Accordingly, pathogens evolve versatile strategies to disrupt the SA-mediated signal transduction. However, it is necessary to further characterize how plant viruses manipulate the SA-dependent defense responses. Here, we show that Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) infection activates SA-mediated defense signaling pathway and upregulates the expression of Nicotiana benthamiana thioredoxin h-type 1 (NbTRXh1). The γb protein interacts directly with NbTRXh1 in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of NbTRXh1, but not a reductase-defective mutant, impedes BSMV infection, whereas low NbTRXh1 expression level results in increased viral accumulation. Similar with its orthologues in Arabidopsis, NbTRXh1 also plays an essential role in SA signaling transduction in N. benthamiana. To counteract NbTRXh1-mediated defenses, the BSMV ?b protein targets NbTRXh1 to dampen its reductase activity and thereby impairing downstream SA defense genes expression to optimize viral cell-to-cell movement. We also found that NbTRXh1-mediated resistance defends against Lychnis ringspot virus, Beet black scorch virus, and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for the multifunctional γb protein in counteracting plant defense responses, and broadens the broad-spectrum antibiotic role of SA signaling pathway.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenzhen Wei ◽  
Yonghui Li ◽  
Faiza Ali ◽  
Ye Wang ◽  
Jisheng Liu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Histone deacetylation is one of the most important epigenetic modifications and plays diverse roles in plant development. However, the detailed functions and mechanisms of histone deacetylation in fiber development of cotton are still unclear. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been used commonly to study the molecular mechanism underlying histone deacetylation or to facilitate disease therapy in humans through hindering the histone deacetylase catalytic activity. Trichostatin A (TSA) - the most widely used HDACi has been used to determine the role of histone deacetylation on different developmental stages of plants. Results: Here, exogenous TSA was applied in the fiber initiation and elongation in vitro, and the results demonstrated the crucial role of histone deacetylation in fiber initiation regulation. Therefore, we made a transcriptomic analysis to reveal the underlying mechanisms. Through RNA-Seq analysis, the differentially expressed genes were mostly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction,phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and carbon metabolism pathways, suggesting the potential role of phytohormone, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and energy metabolism downstream of histone deacetylation in fiber initiation. The phytohormone signal transduction pathways harbor the most differentially expressed genes. Deeper studies showed that some genes promoting auxin, Gibberellic Acid (GA), and Salicylic Acid (SA) signaling were down-regulated, while some genes facilitating Abscisic Acid (ABA) and inhibiting Jasmonic Acid (JA) singling were up-regulated after the TSA treatments. Conclusions: Collectively, we established a model, in which histone deacetylation can regulate some key genes involved in different phytohormone pathways, consequently, promoting the auxin, GA, JA and SA signaling, whereas, repressing the ABA signaling to improve the fiber cell initiation; besides that the genes associated with energy metabolism, phenylpropanoid, and glutathione metabolism were also involved in. The above results provided novel clues to illuminate the underlying mechanisms of epigenetic modifications as well as interactions of different phytohormones in fiber cell differentiation, which is also very valuable for molecular breeding of higher quality cotton.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Yokotani ◽  
Yoshinori Hasegawa ◽  
Masaru Sato ◽  
Hideki Hirakawa ◽  
Yusuke Kouzai ◽  
...  

AbstractBacterial canker of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is an economically important disease. To understand the host defense response to Cmm infection, transcriptome sequences in tomato cotyledons were analyzed by RNA-seq. Overall, 1788 and 540 genes were upregulated and downregulated upon infection, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in the defense response, phosphorylation, and hormone signaling were over-represented by the infection. Induced expression of defense-associated genes suggested that the tomato response to Cmm showed similarities to common plant disease responses. After infection, many resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were transcriptionally upregulated, including the expressions of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) involved in pattern-triggered immunity. The expressions of WRKYs, NACs, HSFs, and CBP60s encoding transcription factors (TFs) reported to regulate defense-associated genes were induced after infection with Cmm. Tomato genes orthologous to Arabidopsis EDS1, EDS5/SID1, and PAD4/EDS9, which are causal genes of salicylic acid (SA)-deficient mutants, were upregulated after infection with Cmm. Furthermore, Cmm infection drastically stimulated SA accumulation in tomato cotyledons. Genes involved in the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathway were upregulated, whereas metabolic enzyme gene expression in the isochorismate synthase pathway remained unchanged. Exogenously applied SA suppressed bacterial growth and induced the expression of WRKYs, suggesting that some Cmm-responsive genes are regulated by SA signaling, and SA signaling activation should improve tomato immunity against Cmm.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Yokotani ◽  
Yoshinori Hasegawa ◽  
Masaru Sato ◽  
Hideki Hirakawa ◽  
Yusuke Kouzai ◽  
...  

Abstract Bacterial canker of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is an economically important disease. However, the molecular events that occur are poorly understood. To understand the host defense response to C. michiganensis infection, transcriptome sequences in tomato cotyledons were analyzed by RNA-seq. Overall, 1,877 and 540 genes were upregulated and downregulated upon infection, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in the defense response, phosphorylation, and hormone signaling were over-represented by the infection. Induced expression of defense-associated genes suggested that the tomato response to C. michiganensis showed similarities to common plant disease responses. After infection, many resistance gene analogs (RGAs) were transcriptionally upregulated, including the expressions of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) involved in pattern-triggered immunity. The expressions of WRKYs, NACs, HSFs, and CBP60s encoding transcription factors (TFs) were upregulated, implying their involvement in defense-associated gene expression during tomato–C. michiganensis interactions. Tomato genes orthologous to Arabidopsis EDS1, EDS5/SID1, and PAD4/EDS9, which are causal genes of salicylic acid (SA)-deficient mutants, were activated, and infection drastically stimulated SA accumulation in tomatoes. Genes involved in the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathway were upregulated, whereas metabolic enzyme gene expression in the isochorismate synthase pathway remained unchanged. Exogenously applied SA suppressed bacterial growth and induced the expression of WRKYs, suggesting that some C. michiganensis-responsive genes are regulated by SA signaling, and SA signaling activation should improve tomato immunity against C. michiganensis.


Rice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingfang Dong ◽  
Lian Zhou ◽  
Aiqing Feng ◽  
Shaohong Zhang ◽  
Hua Fu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Although panicle blast is more destructive to yield loss than leaf blast in rice, the cloned genes that function in panicle blast resistance are still very limited and the molecular mechanisms underlying panicle blast resistance remain largely unknown. Results In the present study, we have confirmed that the three Oxalate oxidase (OXO) genes, OsOXO2, OsOXO3 and OsOXO4 from a blast-resistant cultivar BC10 function in panicle blast resistance in rice. The expression of OsOXO2, OsOXO3 and OsOXO4 were induced by panicle blast inoculation. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the three OXO proteins are all localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Simultaneous silencing of OsOXO2, OsOXO3 and OsOXO4 decreased rice resistance to panicle blast, whereas the OsOXO2, OsOXO3 and OsOXO4 overexpression rice plants individually showed enhanced panicle blast resistance. More H2O2 and higher expression levels of PR genes were observed in the overexpressing plants than in the control plants, while the silencing plants exhibited less H2O2 and lower expression levels of PR genes compared to the control plants. Moreover, phytohormone treatment and the phytohormone signaling related gene expression analysis showed that panicle blast resistance mediated by the three OXO genes was associated with the activation of JA and ABA signaling pathways but suppression of SA signaling pathway. Conclusion OsOXO2, OsOXO3 and OsOXO4 positively regulate panicle blast resistance in rice. The OXO genes could modulate the accumulation of H2O2 and expression levels of PR gene in plants. Moreover, the OXO genes mediated panicle blast resistance could be regulated by ABA, SA and JA, and may be associated with the activation of JA and ABA signaling pathways but suppression of the SA signaling pathway.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5713
Author(s):  
Yiping Zhang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Hai Ma ◽  
Yichu Zhang ◽  
Xiuming Zhang ◽  
...  

APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factors play important roles in plant development and stress response. Although AP2/ERF genes have been extensively investigated in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, little is known about their role in biotic stress response in perennial fruit tree crops such as apple (Malus × domestica). Here, we investigated the role of MdERF100 in powdery mildew resistance in apple. MdERF100 localized to the nucleus but showed no transcriptional activation activity. The heterologous expression of MdERF100 in Arabidopsis not only enhanced powdery mildew resistance but also increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death. Furthermore, MdERF100-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exhibited differential expressions of genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling when infected with the powdery mildew pathogen. Additionally, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays confirmed that MdERF100 physically interacts with the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) protein MdbHLH92. These results suggest that MdERF100 mediates powdery mildew resistance by regulating the JA and SA signaling pathways, and MdbHLH92 is involved in plant defense against powdery mildew. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the role of MdERF genes in disease resistance, and provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of powdery mildew resistance in apple.


Author(s):  
Sheng-hua Xiao ◽  
Qin Hu ◽  
Xiao-jun Zhang ◽  
Huan Si ◽  
Shi-ming Liu ◽  
...  

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are well known to regulate diverse processes of plant development and stress responses, but the mechanisms by which these phytohormones mediate the growth-defense trade-off is largely unclear. In addition, little is known about the roles of DEHYDRATION RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING (DREB) transcription factors, especially in biotic stress and plant growth. Here, we identified a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) gene GhTINY2 which is strongly induced by Verticillium dahliae. Overexpression of GhTINY2 in cotton and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced tolerance to V. dahliae, while knockdown of GhTINY2 expression increased cotton susceptibility to the pathogen. By directly activating WRKY51 expression, GhTINY2 promoted SA accumulation and SA signaling transduction. Moreover, GhTINY2-overexpressing cotton and Arabidopsis showed growth retardation, increased sensitivity to inhibitors of BR biosynthesis and downregulation of several BR-induced genes and upregulation of BR-repressed genes, while GhTINY2-RNAi cotton showed the opposite results. We further demonstrate that GhTINY2 negatively regulates BR signaling by interacting with BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and restraining its transcriptional activation of the expression of INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 19 (IAA19). These findings indicate that GhTINY2 fine-tunes the immunity-growth trade-off via an indirect crosstalk between WRKY51-mediated SA biosynthesis and BZR1-IAA19-regulated BR signaling.


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