scholarly journals The use of perineural dexamethasone and transverse abdominal plane block for postoperative analgesia in cesarean section operations under spinal anesthesia: an observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdisa Aga ◽  
Meron Abrar ◽  
Zewetir Ashebir ◽  
Ashenafi Seifu ◽  
Dereje Zewdu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Tap Block ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Adequate Pain Relief ◽  
Numerical Rating

Abstract Background During transverses abdominal plane block (TAP) procedure to provide analgesia in cesarean section (CS) operation, the use of perineural dexamethasone as an additive agent may improve pain relief and may cause a prolonged block duration. This study aims to investigate whether perineural dexamethasone, when added to bupivacaine local anesthetic agent during a TAP block, may provide adequate pain relief without adverse events. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of fifty-eight patients undergoing elective CS with spinal anesthesia. We hypothesized to perform bilateral TAP block using perineural dexamethasone as an additive agent. The patients were randomly divided into two groups using a systematic random sampling method. While one group of patients received perineural dexamethasone of 8 mg additive agent together with bupivacaine 0.25% 40 ml (Group TAPD), the other group received only bupivacaine 0.25% 40 ml in TAP block (Group TAPA). The primary outcomes are the period for the first request of postoperative pain relief medication and the numerical rating scale (NRS) pain intensity scores at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery. The secondary outcomes are comparing the 24-h tramadol and diclofenac analgesic requirements and the incidences of side effects on postoperative day one. A p-value of < 0.05 is statistically significant. Results The time to first analgesic request was 8.5 h (8.39–9.79) in the TAPD group versus 5.3 h (5.23–5.59) in the TAPA group, respectively. (p < 0.001) The median NRS scores were significantly reduced in the TAPD group compared to the TAPA group at 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery (p-values < 0.001). The total analgesics consumption over 24 h postoperatively was lower in Group TAPD compared to Group TAPA (p < 0.05). Conclusion An additive agent of perineural dexamethasone at a dose of 8 mg during bilateral TAP block for elective CS operation under spinal anesthesia provided better pain relief on postoperative day 1.

Comparing the efficacy of nebulized morphine with intravenous morphine in traumatic musculoskeletal pain management

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-21
Author(s):  
Mani Mofidi ◽  
Ali Dashti ◽  
Mahdi Rezai ◽  
Niloufar Ghodrati ◽  
Hoorolnesa Ameli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Intravenous Morphine ◽  
Numerical Rating

Introduction: This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of intravenous morphine with nebulized morphine in pain relief of patients referring to the emergency setting with traumatic musculoskeletal pain. Methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind clinical study evaluated 160 patients 18 to 65 years of age with acute traumatic pain, who attended the emergency department during 2019. Subjects were assessed with Numerical Rating Scale based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into two groups. In one group, 80 patients received IV morphine (0.1 mg/kg+5 mL normal saline) plus an equivalent volume of IV placebo. In the second group, 80 patients received nebulized morphine (0.2 mg/kg+5 mL normal saline) plus nebulized placebo. Pain score was monitored in all patients with Numerical Rating Scale before and after intervention at baseline, 15, 30, 45, and 60-minute intervals. Patients’ vital signs and possible adverse events were evaluated in each observation time points. Finally, all participants were assessed for their satisfaction with pain management. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis for continuous variables and Binomial test for categorical variables Results: There was no significant difference between the demographic characteristics of patients in study groups. Pain relief between the two groups was similar during the observation (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min) (P>0.05). There were no changes in vital signs between two groups, although the nebulized group had lower systolic blood pressure at the time-point of 15 minutes after the treatment initiation (P=0.03). Conclusion: Although Nebulized morphine has similar efficacy in comparison with IV route, nebulization might be considered as the clinically efficacious route of morphine administration with minimal side effects, providing optimal pain relief in patients.

Intravenous Butorphanol, Meperidine, and Their Combination Relieve Pain and Distress in Women in Labor

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1008-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Nelson ◽  
James C. Eisenach
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Kappa Opioid Receptor ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Effective Pain Relief ◽  
Descriptive Scale

Background Systemic opioids are commonly administered during labor, but their efficacy has been recently questioned. In addition, laboratory and clinical studies provide a strong rationale for combining mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists for analgesia. The authors therefore studied, using validated intensity and affective scales and definitions of effective pain relief, the efficacy of intravenous meperidine, butorphanol, and their combination for labor analgesia. Methods Healthy women with singleton term pregnancy requesting analgesia during active labor were studied. Women were randomly assigned to receive 50 mg meperidine, 1 mg butorphanol, or 25 mg meperidine plus 0.5 mg butorphanol (n = 15/group). Pain intensity was assessed using a 0-10 numerical rating scale, and affective magnitude was assessed using a ratiometric descriptive scale before drug administration and between the sixth and seventh uterine contractions after drug administration. Results All three treatments reduced pain intensity equally. Butorphanol alone did not reduce pain affective magnitude, whereas the other treatments did. There was a significant correlation between reduction in pain intensity and affective magnitude in all groups, with greater reductions in affective magnitude than intensity. Overall, 29% of women exhibited clinically meaningful pain relief, with no difference among groups. Groups did not differ in incidence of opioid-induced adverse effects. Conclusions These doses of meperidine and butorphanol do reduce pain intensity and affective magnitude, although a minority of patients achieve meaningful pain relief as defined in multiple patient populations, including laboring women. Combination of these drugs did not improve their therapeutic benefit.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Efektivitas Kombinasi Fentanyl–Paracetamol dan Fentanyl–Ketorolac terhadap Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Post Operasi Seksio Sesarea

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-8
Author(s):  
Andy H ◽  
Sugeng Budi Santoso ◽  
RTH Supraptomo
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Post Operation ◽  
The Difference

Latar Belakang: Nyeri post operasi seksio sesarea merupakan nyeri sedang berat dengan intensitas akut. Saat ini terdapat dua kombinasi obat anti nyeri yang umum digunakan untuk mengatasi nyeri post operasi seksio sesarea yaitu kombinasi parasetamol-fentanyl serta kombinasi ketorolac-fentanyl. Interaksi kedua obat tersebut dapat menurunkan ambang nyeri yang dapat kita periksa dengan skor Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui adanya perbedaan efektivitas antara pemberian kombinasi parasetamol-fentanyl dengan ketorolac-fentanyl dalam mengatasi nyeri post operasi seksio sesarea.Subjek dan Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan pendekatan uji klinis menggunakan 30 subjek pasien hamil dengan umur 20-40 tahun dengan status fisik ASA I-II yang akan menjalani operasi seksio sesarea dengan spinal anestesi lidocain 5% hiperbarik. Grup pertama diberikan 1000mg paracetamol dan 0,3mcg/kg/jam fentanyl intravena sebagai analgesik. Grup ke 2 diberikan ketorolac 30mg dan fentanyl o,3mcg/kg/jamPada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Hasil: Hasil uji beda terhadap karakteristik subyek penelitian didapatkan pada kelompok parasetamol dan fentanyl terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada post operasi dengan nilai p=0,005 (p<0,05), pada ketorolac dan fentanyl terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan post operasi dengan nilai p=0,023 (p<0,05) dSimpulan: Kombinasi parasetamol fentanyl lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan ketorolac fentanyl.   The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Combination Fentanyl-Paracetamol with Fentanyl–Ketorolac on Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Post Caesarean Section Abstract Background: Postoperative cesarean section pain is moderate-to-severe pain with acute intensity. There are two common anti-pain drug combinations used to treat post-cesarean section pain, namely the parasetamol-fentanyl combination and the ketorolac-fentanyl combination. The interaction of the two drugs can lower the pain threshold which we can check with the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) score.Objective: To determine the difference in effectiveness between the combination of parasetamol-fentanyl and ketorolac-fentanyl in dealing with post-cesarean section surgery pain.Subject and Method: This study is an experimental study with a clinical trial approach using 30 subjects of pregnant patients aged 20-40 years with ASA I-II physical status who will undergo cesarean section surgery with hyperbaric 5% lidocaine spinal anesthesia. The first group were given 1000 mg parasetamol and 0.3 mcg/kg/h fentanyl intravenous as analgesics. The second group were given ketorolac 30 mg and fentanyl 0.3 mcg/kg/h intravenously. In this study, univariate and bivariate analyzes were performed. Results: The results of different tests on the characteristics of research subjects were found in the paracetamol and fentanyl groups, there was a significant difference in the post-operation with a value of p = 0.005 (p <0.05), in ketorolac and fentanyl there was a significant difference post-surgery with a value of p = 0.023 (p <0.05) where the paracetamol and fentanyl groups with NRS scores tended to fall, and the ketorolac and fentanyl groups with NRS scores tended to increase.Conclusion: The combination of parasetamol and fentanyl was more effective than ketorolac and fentanyl.

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Kualitas Tidur dengan Kejadian Dismenore Primer pada Mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
Richi Delistianti Yusuf ◽  
Siska Nia Irasanti ◽  
Ferry Achmad F.M. ◽  
Raden Ganang Ibnusantosa ◽  
Wawang S. Sukarya
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Numerical Rating

Mayoritas mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran memiliki kualitas tidur yang buruk. Hal tersebut dihubungkan dengan sistem pendidikan di Fakultas Kedokteran yang sangat ketat dan waktu belajar yang tidak sebentar diduga menyebabkan kualitas tidur buruk pada mahasiswi. Dari beberapa penelitian menyatakan kualitas tidur dapat dihubungkan dengan terjadinya patogenesis nyeri, termasuk dismenore primer. Kejadian dismenore primer pada perempuan juga dapat terjadi pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara kualitas tidur dengan angka kejadian dismenore primer pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung. Jenis penelitian adalah analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Subjek dipilih secara systematic random sampling dan didapatkan 106 sampel. Masing-masing responden mengisi informed concent, kuesioner Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), dan kuesioner Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Data dianalisis menggunakan program Epi Info 7. Hasil penelitian 62,3% memiliki kualitas tidur buruk, 49,1% dismenore primer sedang, 10,4% dismenore primer berat. Angka kejadian dismenore sedang pada kelompok subjek kualitas tidur buruk lebih besar dari kualitas tidur baik, secara statistik perbedaan ini sangat bermakna (p=0,008). Angka kejadian dismenore berat pada kelompok subjek kualitas tidur buruk lebih besar dari kualitas tidur baik, secara statistik perbedaan ini bermakna (p=0,04). Terdapat hubungan yang secara statistik bermakna antara kualitas tidur dengan kejadian dismenore primer pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Islam Bandung.

scholarly journals CT-Guided Transforaminal Epidural Injections with Local Anesthetic, Steroid, and Tramadol for the Treatment of Persistent Lumbar Radicular Pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 2;15 (2;3) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Wewalka
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Nerve Root ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Radicular Pain ◽  
Ct Guided ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Serial Ct

Background: A substantial number of patients with persistent lumbar radicular pain are treated with a multimodal spectrum of conservative therapies without lasting effect. The duration of pain is certainly a risk factor for chronification. There is evidence that guided periradicular infiltrations are a valid option in the treatment of radiculopathies. Usually a combination of local anesthetic and/or corticosteroid is injected. Tramadol is being used for perioperative analgesia and has been shown to provide effective, long-lasting pain relief after epidural administration. Objective: The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of serial CT-guided transforaminal nerve root infiltrations with a supplement of tramadol for patients with persistent, radicular pain. Study Design: Interventional cohort study. Setting: Outpatient department for interdisciplinary pain medicine. Methods: 37 patients who had radicular leg pain for over 9 weeks received up to 3 CTguided transforaminal nerve root infiltrations at intervals of 2 weeks as long as their level of pain was over 3 on a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10. 50 mg of Tramadol were added to a combination of local anesthetic (Ropivacain, 2 mg) and corticosteroid (Triamcinolon, 40 mg). Evaluations were carried out 24 hours after the Infiltration as well as 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months after the treatment series. The intensity of their radicular pain was measured by a numerical rating scale (NRS). Pain reduction of at least 50% was defined as successful outcome. Results: In total, 65 infiltrations were carried out with pain relief in more than 90% of the patients within 24 hours and an average pain reduction of 64%. Six months post-injection 23 of 34 patients available for follow-up (67.6%) had a successful pain reduction of 84% on average. No adverse effects ascribable to the use of tramadol were noted. Limitations: Due to the lack of a control group we cannot make any statement if tramadol improves short-term pain reduction. Conclusion: Fast and lasting pain relief is the key to optimize rehabilitation for patients with radicular pain. There is a physiological rationale that the opioid receptors at the spinal level could be used to optimize the analgetic effect of guided periradicular injections. In our case series, serial CT-guided selective nerve root infiltrations with the supplement of tramadol were found to be highly effective in the treatment of persistant radiculopathies. Randomized controlled trials will be necessary to clarify the possible benefit of the supplement of an opioid. Key words: Serial, nerve root infiltration, tramadol, chronic pain, outcome.

scholarly journals The measurement of pain - A brief review

1982 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
C. A. Liggins
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Pain Measurement ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Subjective Measurement ◽  
Subjective Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating

Physiotherapists are now measuring pain when they assess their patients. Pain has been considered to be unmeasurable by some, but a number of subjective and objective methods have been devised. Subjective methods appear to be more satisfactory than objective methods. Several methods of subjective measurement are reviewed. Studies suggest that the Numerical Rating Scale (N.R.S.) may be an appropriate subjective scale for general use. Several methods of measuring pain relief are also reviewed. Patients tend to express themselves more in terms of pain relief than in terms of pain measurement. The principles of the Signal Detection Theory for quantification of pain are outlined.

Two milligrams IV hydromorphone is efficacious for treating pain but is associated with oxygen desaturation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Chang, MD, MS ◽  
Polly E. Bijur, PhD ◽  
Antonio Napolitano, MD ◽  
Jason Lupow, MD ◽  
E. John Gallagher, MD
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Oxygen Desaturation ◽  
Reversal Agent ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Emergency Department Patients

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single dose of 2 mg IV hydromorphone administered to emergency department patients in acute severe pain.Design: Prospective interventional.Setting: Urban academic emergency department.Patient, participants: Nonelderly adults (21-64 years old) with acute severe pain and baseline oxygen saturation (SO2)≥95 percent.Interventions: Two milligrams IV hydromorphone administered over 2-3 minutes.Main outcome measures: The primary outcome was use of naloxone as a reversal agent. Secondary outcomes included degree of pain relief as measured on a numerical rating scale, frequency of oxygen desaturation (SO2 < 95 percent), and side effects.Results: Of the 269 patients, none received IV naloxone. Median pain scores fell from 10 (worst pain possible) at baseline to 1 within 5 minutes and to 0 (no pain) at 30 minutes. SO2 was ≥95 percent at all time points in 68 percent of patients (95 percent CI 62-73 percent), while 26 percent (95 percent CI 21-32 percent) had one or more SO2 levels between 90-94 percent, and 6 percent (95 percent CI 4-10 percent) had SO2 values below 90 percent at one or more time points. The lowest SO2 was 82 percent. The incidence of nausea and vomiting were 16 percent and 7 percent, respectively.Conclusions: Two milligrams IV hydromorphone provides efficacious and rapid pain relief in nonelderly adults presenting to the ED with acute severe pain. However, oxygen desaturation below 95 percent occurred in about one third of patients. Although no noticeable clinical signs of hypoxemia occurred, a conservative interpretation of this finding suggests that 2 mg IV hydromorphone is too much opioid to be given routinely to patients in pain as a single initial dose.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Costoclavicular Block and Interscalene Block for Pain Relief after Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamalakanta Pradhan ◽  
Sarat Chandra Jayasingh ◽  
Sikata Nanda ◽  
Sidharth Sraban Routray
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Shoulder Surgery ◽  
Interscalene Block ◽  
Patient Dissatisfaction ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery

Abstract Introduction Interscalene block (ISB) is commonly used for efficient pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. But, it is linked with a greater occurrence of unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (UDP). This may add to patient dissatisfaction and also may not be tolerated well by patients having respiratory diseases. We have compared the efficacy of costoclavicular block (CCB) with ISB for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Materials and Methods Fifty patients were divided into two groups of 25 each (ISB or CCB group). In total, 20 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine along with 4 mg of dexamethasone as adjuvant was used during both ultrasound-guided ISB and CCB. Numerical rating scale (NRS) scores for pain were assessed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours in postoperative period. The mean onset time of block, time of first painkiller demand, total painkiller demand for 24 hours postoperatively, patient wellbeing, incidence of UDP, and any other complications were recorded. Results NRS pain scores in both groups at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours were comparable. (p > 0.05) Mean onset time of block was earlier in ISB group contrary to CCB group (p < 0.05). There was higher occurrence of UDP in ISB group contrary to CCB group (p < 0.05). There was no notable variation regarding the time of first painkiller demand and total painkiller demand in the first 24 hours. Patients were more satisfied in CCB group contrary to ISB group. Conclusion As CCB provided equivalent analgesia in postoperative period like ISB without any risk of UDP, it can be a better substitute to ISB for pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

scholarly journals The Analgesic Effect of Different Concentrations of Epidural Ropivacaine Alone or Combined With Sufentanil in Patients After Cesarean Section

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangfang Miao ◽  
Kunpeng Feng ◽  
Xuexin Feng ◽  
Long Fan ◽  
Yu Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Patient Satisfaction Scores ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Patients Experience

Background: Patients experience moderate-high intensity postoperative pain after cesarean section (CS). The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal concentrations of ropivacaine and sufentanil for use in controlling pain after CS.Methods: One hundred and seventy-four women undergoing elective CS were randomly allocated to four groups. Epidural analgesia was administered with 0.1% ropivacaine in the R1 group, 0.15% ropivacaine in the R2 group, a combination of 0.1% ropivacaine and 0.5 μg/ml of sufentanil in the R1S group, and a combination of 0.15% ropivacaine and 0.5 μg/ml of sufentanil in the R2S group (at a basal rate of 4 ml/h, bolus dose of 4 ml/20 min as needed). Pain scores (numerical rating scale [NRS]: 0–10 cm) at rest (NRS-R), during movement (NRS-M), and when massaging the uterus (NRS-U) were documented at 6 and 24 h. We also recorded patient satisfaction scores, time to first flatus, motor deficits, and adverse drug reactions.Results: NRS (NRS-R, NRS-M, NRS-U) scores in the R2S group (2 [1–3], 4 [3–5], 6 [5–6], respectively) were lower than in the R1 group (3 [3–4], 5 [4–6], 7 [6–8], respectively) (p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.05, p &lt; 0.01, respectively) at 6 h; and patient satisfaction (9 [8–10]) was improved compared to the R1 group (8 [6–8]) (p &lt; 0.01). The time to first flatus (18.7 ± 11.8 h) was reduced relative to the R1 group (25.9 ± 12.0 h) (p &lt; 0.05). The time to first ambulation was not delayed (p &gt; 0.05). However, the incidence of pruritus (4 [9.3%]) was increased compared to the R2 group (0 [0]) (p &lt; 0.05) at 6 h, and the incidence of numbness (23 [53.5%], 23 [53.5%]) was increased compared to the R1 group (10 [23.3%], 10 [23.3%]) (all p &lt; 0.01) at both 6 and 24 h.Conclusions: Although we observed a higher incidence of pruritus and numbness, co-administration of 0.15% ropivacaine and 0.5 μg/ml of sufentanil administered epidurally optimized pain relief after CS, with treated subjects exhibiting lower NRS scores, shorter time to first flatus, and higher patient-satisfaction scores.

scholarly journals Pain Relief Scale Is More Highly Correlated with Numerical Rating Scale than with Visual Analogue Scale in Chronic Pain Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 2;18 (2;3) ◽  
pp. E195-E200
Author(s):  
Sang Sik Choi
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale Pain ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Key Words Pain ◽  
Numerical Rating

The pain relief scale (PRS) is a method that measures the magnitude of change in pain intensity after treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between PRS and changes in pain determined by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical rating scale (NRS), to confirm the evidence supporting the use of PRS. Sixty patients with chronic spinal pain that had a VAS and NRS recorded during an initial examination were enrolled in the study. One week later, the patients received an epidural nerve block, then VAS, NRS, and PRS assessments were performed. Differences between VAS and NRS were compared to the PRS and scatter plots and correlation coefficient were generated. The differences and magnitude of decrease in the VAS and NRS raw data were converted to percentile values, and compared to the PRS. Both VAS and NRS values exhibited strong correlations (> 0.8) with PRS. Further, the differences between the VAS-PRS R (0.859) and NRS-PRS R (0.915) were statistically significant, (P = 0.0259). Compared to PRS, the VAS and NRS percentile scores exhibited higher correlation coefficients than scores based on the raw data differences. Furthermore, even when converted to a percentile, the NRS%-PRS R (0.968) was higher than the VAS%-PRS R (0.904), P = 0.0001. The results indicated that using the PRS together with NRS in pain assessment increased the objectivity of the assessment compared to using only VAS or NRS, and may have offset the limitations of VAS or NRS alone. Key words: Pain relief scale, numerical rating scale, visual analogue scale, pain measurement, pain intensity measurement, pain intensity scale

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