Common mental disorder in Nyanza province, Kenya in 2013 and its associated risk factors –an assessment of change since 2004, using a repeat household survey in a demographic surveillance site

Background.There have been no household surveys of adult attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Kenya, and only one in sub-Saharan Africa.Methods.Data on ADHD was used from a household survey of mental disorders and their associated risk factors conducted in Maseno area (population 70 805), near Lake Victoria in Kenya, using a demographic surveillance site as the sample frame, as part of a wider survey of mental health, malaria and immunity A total of 1190 households were selected, and 1158 adult participants consented to the study while 32 refused to participate in the study interviews, giving a response rate of 97.3%. ADHD symptoms were assessed with the WHO Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener.Results.This survey found that the overall prevalence of ADHD using the ASRS was 13.1%. This suggests a high level of ADHD in the Kenyan population which needs to be further investigated for its impact on adult mental health. In the adjusted analysis, increased odds ratios (ORs) were found in those with higher assets (OR 1.7, p = 0.023), those with life events (OR 2.4, p = 0.001 for those with 2–3 life events and OR 2.6, p < 0.001 for those with 4 or more life events), and those with common mental disorders (OR 2.3, p = 0.001).Conclusion.The study demonstrates the magnitude of ADHD symptoms as a public health issue, relevant for health worker training, and the importance of further research into its prevalence in adults and associated risk factors.

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Probable Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Kenya and Its Associated Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Household Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph121013494 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 13494-13509 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Rachel Jenkins ◽

Caleb Othieno ◽

Raymond Omollo ◽

Linnet Ongeri ◽

Peter Sifuna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽

Traumatic Stress ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Household Survey ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Risk factors for suicidal behaviour in people on disability pension due to common mental disorder in Sweden (2005-2010)

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckt126.184 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

S Rahman ◽

K Alexanderson ◽

J Jokinen ◽

E Mittendorfer-Rutz

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Suicidal Behaviour ◽

Disability Pension ◽

Common Mental Disorder

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Abstract P137: Smoking Susceptibility and its Predictors among Nepalese Adolescents: Evidence from the Jhaukhel- Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, Bhaktapur District, Nepal

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p137 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Umesh R Aryal ◽

Max Petzold ◽

Göran Bondjers ◽

Alexandra Krettek

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urban Area ◽

Low Income ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Family Members ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Demographic Surveillance Site ◽

Surveillance Site ◽

Susceptibility To Smoking ◽

Smoking Susceptibility

Introduction: Cognitive susceptibility to smoking is defined as absence of firm commitment not to smoke in the future or if offered a cigarette by best friends. It begins in adolescence and is the first step in the transition to current smoking. Psychosocial risk factors play a crucial role to discourage susceptible adolescents from becoming established smokers. Most studies were conducted in the USA and evidence from low-income countries is limited. Despite the established Tobacco Product Control and Regulatory Bill 2011S in Nepal, cigarette smoking is widely prevalent among adolescents and the absolute number of smokers continues to rise. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that socio-demographic and environmental risk factors associated with susceptibility to smoking among adolescents living in a peri-urban area of Nepal. Methods: We conducted a community cross-sectional study during October-November 2011 in the Jhaukhel - Duwakot Health Demographic Surveillance Site, a peri-urban area in Bhakapur district, 13 km east of the capital Kathmandu in Nepal, where tobacco products are easily available to adolescents. Trained local enumerators conducted face-to-face interviews with 352 randomly selected 14-16 year old non-smoking adolescents. The Nepal Health Research Council and Ethical Committee of Kathmandu Medical College approved this study. Results: The percentage of smoking susceptibility was 49.70% (95% CI: 44.49%-54.93%). In univariate analysis, sex, family members/relatives smoke, teacher smokes, friend smokes, exposure to secondhand smoke, participation in picnic/concerts, exposure to tobacco advertisements, and having seen actors smoke were associated with susceptibility to smoking. While in multiple regression analysis, smoking behavior of family members/relatives, teacher smoking, exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements and involvement in picnic/concerts were associated with susceptibility to smoking. Conclusion: Our results reveal that non-smoking adolescents, depending on their socio-demographic and environmental backgrounds, consider smoking initiation risk factors differently. We therefore suggest that future smoking intervention programs should also take socio-environmental influences into account for efficiently preventing non-smoking adolescents becoming susceptible to smoking.

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Risk Factors for Common Mental Disorder in Caregiving and Bereavement

Journal of Pain and Symptom Management ◽

10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.03.014 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 844-856 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Marcia Kapari ◽

Julia Addington-Hall ◽

Matthew Hotopf

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Common Mental Disorder

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Acquired brain injury and violent offending: prevalence and risk factors

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72480-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 775-775 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Faruqui

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Head Injury ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Acquired Brain Injury ◽

List Type ◽

Violent Offending ◽

History Of ◽

Associated Risk Factors

IntroductionAcquired brain injury has been reported to be associated with violence.ObjectivesTo determine whether an association exists between acquired brain injury and violent offendingAimsStudy an association between brain injury and crime and identify associated risk factors.MethodsSystematic search of Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL, TRIP, using terms, Acquired brain injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI), head injury, frontal lobe, crime, offending, violent offending, sexual offending, prison.ResultsA:Multiple studies reported higher life time history of head injury in prison or offender populations in comparison to control groups. Sampling bias and case definition problems have influenced reported prevalence of head injury in offender population ranging from 3.3% to 82%. Reports from secure psychiatric services identify that patients with history of head injury may be more difficult to discharge. Community based studies report cognitive damage as significant risk factor for domestic violence.B:Large scale population and military cohorts have reported a higher relative risk for criminal conviction in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) group. TBI increases the risk of mental disorder by two-folds but also that TBI is significantly related to mental disorder with co-existing criminality.C:Childhood conduct problems, loss of a parent, substance misuse, maternal drug use in pregnancy, impaired executive cognitive functioning, structural damage to orbito-frontal and ventromedial areas, amygdala, and hippocampus are reported as risk factors for violent offending in this population group.ConclusionsThe review provides evidence for an association between brain injury and violent offending and also identifies associated risk factors.

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