scholarly journals Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victory O. Olutuase ◽  
Chinwe J. Iwu-Jaja ◽  
Cynthia P. Akuoko ◽  
Emmanuel O. Adewuyi ◽  
Vishnu Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Development Goals

Abstract Background Medicines and vaccines supply chains represent critical systems for realising one of the major targets of the United Nations’ third Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines and vaccines, for all. However, evidence suggests the system is confronted with several challenges in many low-medium income countries, including Nigeria. This scoping review aims to summarize the available evidence on the challenges of medicines and vaccines supply chain system in Nigeria. Results We searched relevant databases including Scopus and Web of Science for studies published between January 2005 and August 2020 on the challenges associated with medicines and vaccines supply chain systems in Nigeria. Our findings implicate several factors including difficulty with medicines or vaccines selection, procurement, distribution, and inventory management. Others included poor storage infrastructure, financial constraints, insecurity, transportation challenges, inadequate human resources, weak, or poorly implemented policies. These challenges mostly resulted in stock-outs of essential medicines which notably got worsened during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Our study is a wake-up call on the need to prioritise the critical sector of the supply chain systems for medicines and vaccines in Nigeria. Effective implementation of existing policies, improved security, strengthening of the health system through adequate budgetary allocations, and provision of infrastructure including regular availability of electricity are keys to surmounting the challenges and improving access to medicines or vaccines in Nigeria.

scholarly journals The Role of Intent-Based Networking in ICT Supply Chains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mounir Bensalem
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Network Management ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
System P ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
General Architecture

The evolution towards Industry 4.0 is driving the need for innovative solutions in the area of network management, considering the complex, dynamic and heterogeneous nature of ICT supply chains. To this end, Intent-Based networking (IBN) which is already proven to evolve how network management is driven today, can be implemented as a solution to facilitate the management of large ICT supply chains. In this paper, we first present a comparison of the main architectural components of typical IBN systems and, then, we study the key engineering requirements when integrating IBN with ICT supply chain network systems while considering AI methods. We also propose a general architecture design that enables intent translation of ICT supply chain specifications into lower level policies, to finally show an example of how the access control is performed in a modeled ICT supply chain system.

scholarly journals Complex Characteristics of Multichannel Household Appliance Supply Chain with the Price Competition

Complexity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhai Ma ◽  
Wandong Lou
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Domain Of Attraction ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Price Adjustment ◽  
Stable Region ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Household Appliance ◽  
Internet Channel

This paper studies the complex characteristics caused by the price competition in multichannel household appliance supply chains. We consider a two-level household appliance supply chain system consisting of a manufacturer with an Internet channel and a retailer with a traditional channel and an Internet channel. Each channel’s price-setting follows the bounded rational decision process in order to obtain the optimal profit or more market share. Considering that the price competition often leads to the demand and order fluctuation, we also investigate the bullwhip effect of the multichannel supply chains on the basis of the order-up-to-inventory policy. From the numerical simulation, we find a system in a chaotic state will suffer larger bullwhip effect than a stable system, and the manufacturer’s Internet channel is helpful to mitigate the bullwhip effect. Our results provide some useful managerial inspirations for the household manufacturer and retailers. Firstly, each channel should make their retail price with a suitable price adjustment speed in the stable region, and each time pricing cannot exceed the domain of attraction. Secondly, the manufacturer can adopt a more radical pricing strategy in their Internet channel to mitigate the bullwhip effect. Thirdly, the price adjustment should be reviewed and be appropriately reduced if the price adjustment is too large.

Implementing Supply Chain Strategies

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-109
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Supply Chain Strategy ◽  
Corporate Strategies ◽  
Inventory Turnover ◽  
Order Fulfilment ◽  
Outsourcing Decision

This chapter emphasizes the key elements required to implement supply chain strategy in a firm. It highlights the differences in supply chain strategies, its alignment with corporate strategies, and the associated drivers of supply chain management. This chapter also highlights the dynamics associated with inventory and success of supply chain of a firm. It tries to provide a framework to resolve the supply chain managers' dilemma as to hold inventory for order fulfilment or to enhance the inventory turnover ratio to maximize profitability. The chapter discusses all facets of inventory management – it includes inventory management of constant as well as dynamic demand. This chapter introduces the concept of adaptive inventory control for non-stationary demand. There are situations when all assumptions of conventional approach may fail and hence points out the importance of application of artificial intelligence and data science in inventory management. This chapter brings out the varied dimensions of contracts that are crucial to have an effective supply chain system. Here the author attempts to put forward an outsourcing decision framework to facilitate make or buy decision. This chapter relates the concept of materials requirement planning (MRP) with independent items. Since supply chains are going global, this chapter introduces the concepts behind global sourcing including the significance of INCO (international commercial) terms.

scholarly journals Warranty Period Decision and Coordination in Closed-Loop Supply Chains Considering Remanufacturing and Consumer Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Zhu ◽  
Lingfei Yu ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Chain System ◽  
Warranty Period ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chains ◽  
Decision Making Model

The closed-loop supply chain management model is an effective way to promote sustainable economic development and environmental protection. Increasing the sales volume of remanufactured products to stimulate green growth is a key issue in the development of closed-loop supply chains. By designing an effective warranty strategy, customer’s perceived value can be enhanced and market demand can be stimulated. This study cuts through the warranty period of closed-loop supply chain products. Based on the perspective of consumer behavior, game theory is used to construct the optimal decision-making model for closed-loop supply chains. The optimal warranty decision making for new products and remanufactured products under centralized and decentralized decision-making models is discussed. Further, the impact of the closed-loop supply chain system with warranty services and the design of contract coordination is also shown. We show that consumer preference has a positive impact on the sales of remanufactured products and the profits of enterprises; with the extension of the new product and remanufacturing warranty period, the profit of the supply chain system first increases and then decreases, and the value is maximized at the extreme point in the manufacturer-led decision-making model. Furthermore, the leader gains higher profits with bargaining power, but the profit of the supply chain system under decentralized decision model is less than that of the centralized decision model, reflecting the double marginalization effect. The revenue sharing contract and the two-charge contract designed in this study coordinate the closed-loop supply chain system with warranty services, so that the member companies in the supply chain can achieve Pareto improvement.

Inventory Management in Competition Environment Based on Customer Service

2011 ◽  
Vol 58-60 ◽  
pp. 2141-2146
Author(s):  
Xiao Di ◽  
Bao Xing
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Demand Uncertainty ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Inventory Level ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Optimal Policies

Based on demand uncertainty, the paper studies inventory management decision of two competing supply chains from the perspective of customer service. The paper mainly discusses two different inventory strategies, which are widely used, that is, consignment stock and VMI, and analyzes the optimal policies under three competitive scenarios, which consist of using consignment stock in both supply chains (CC mode), using VMI in both supply chains (DD mode), and using consignment stock in one supply chain but VMI another (VC mode). The paper compares equilibrium inventory level and profit of supply chain in different competitive modes, and concludes that both supply chains use VMI is equilibrium, which means that when manufacturers have right to choose inventory management policy, they prefer VMI. But it isn’t paradoxical with the phenomenon that consignment stock is common in reality, because manufacturers are forced to use consignment by retailer’s channel power.

A Research on Complex Event Processing Technology Based on Smart Logistic System

2014 ◽  
Vol 722 ◽  
pp. 430-435
Author(s):  
Bin Bin Fu ◽  
Jie Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Complex Event Processing ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Event Processing ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Demand Prediction

With IOT technology developing and the cost reducing, Its application in supply chain is a matter of time. Smart logistic system is one of the IOT technology application in supply chain which solve difficult problems, such as acquisition underlying data, information transfer and so on. we need to achieve higher level application and solve more complex problems such as improving inventory management accuracy, reducing supply chain management cost, improving accuracy of supply and demand prediction, supply chain's rapidly react ability,these need to use complex event processing technology. It will introduce how to apply complex event processing technology to supply chain system based on IOT. By this way we can sort out valuable information by processing a large number of simple event.

Modeling of Supply Chain Decision Logic Using PID Controllers

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tung-King See ◽  
Edward M. Kasprzak ◽  
Tarunraj Singh ◽  
Kemper E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Pid Controllers ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Decision Logic ◽  
Ordering Strategies

Most manufacturing takes place in the context of a supply chain. Each station in the supply chain must not only manufacture a product but also decide how much to produce. This decision is influenced by the supply of materials/components from the next station down in the supply chain and the demand from the next station up. With the advent of increased customization, inventory management is increasingly becoming a critical issue in the manufacturing process. In this paper we model the decision logic at each stage of a supply chain system through the use of system identification and PID controllers. The goal is to investigate and manage the costs of manufacturing a product in the context of a supply chain. It is assumed that the supply chain has well-understood interactions between individual positions, allowing for a focus on the ordering decision logic. A review of ordering strategies is presented, and a discussion of the difficulties in determining PID gains for human decision makers is included. The results show a range of correlation between the PID simulation and measured supply chain inventories. This stems from a number of factors, which are discussed. Additionally, ordering strategies to optimize the supply chain are investigated.

scholarly journals Challenges and Features of Warehousing Operations with Respect to Logistics Warehouse Companies in Chennai

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3304-3308
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Inventory Optimization ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Warehouse Operations ◽  
Logistic Functions

Supply chain processes involved in this like sourcing, transportation, warehousing, inventory management, replenishment, cold chain management. Warehousing is the segment of enterprise logistic functions responsible for the storage space and managing of the inventories beginning with suppliers receipt and ending with the consumption point. Warehouse operations cover a number of significant areas, from the receiving, organization, fulfillment, and supply processes and areas including Receiving of goods, integrating and maintaining tracking software. Goal of warehouse operations is to satisfy customer’s desires and necessities whereas utilizing house, equipment, and labor effectively. The current trends and pressures on provide chain and logistics-forever increasing client examine levels, inventory optimization, time solidity and cost minimization have predictably changed the structure of supply chains and the location site and working of warehouses within the supply chains network .Supply Chain Management encompasses scheduling and organization of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics managing activities. The business contains each variety of warehouses and the trendy multi-purpose supply centers furthermore because the ancient storage facilities called godowns.

scholarly journals Assessment of Factors Contributing to Medicine Expiry in Rwanda: Case of the Medical Procurement and Production Division

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-291
Author(s):  
Theogene Hakuzimana ◽  
Pierre Claver Kayumba ◽  
Innocent Hahirwa ◽  
Max Kabalisa
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Maternal Child Health ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Health Commodities

BackgroundRegardless of the significant efforts used and put in place to enhance supply chain performance in Rwanda, there is still poor inventory management and big loss due to expiry of medicines at Medical Procurement and Production Division (MPPD).ObjectiveTo assess the factors that contributes to expiry of medicines at MPPD and formulate recommendations for the improvement of the current situation.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study used for 25 respondents. A questionnaire containing closed-ended questions was used focusing on factors contributing to expiries of medicines for each product category managed by MPPD from 2014-2018. Additionally, the researcher reviewed all inventory reports, including expiries for the same period under study. The study focused on targeting respondents working at MPPD as pharmacists both technical and administrative, also other non-pharmacist working in the warehouse were considered as respondents. The hard copy of questionnaire was handed over to 26 respondents and requested to provide filled questionnaire within seven days. Twenty-five respondents were able to return the filled questionnaire on time, giving 96% response rate.ResultsThe study found that in MPPD, medicines are still expiring. During five years (from 2014 up to 2018) the total expired products were valued at RWF 6,046,778,655 for all program categories: HIV commodities had the largest share 53.3%, Essential Medicines 22.5%, Malaria 13%, Maternal Child Health commodities 5.7%, Products used for Community health workers 4.5%, TB products 1% and 0.1% for Family Planning products. The study found that major contributing factors for expiry of health commodities at MPPD, are ranked as follows: Supply chain management 90%, other factors 73%, Poor storage management 68% and Excessive drug supply 67%. ConclusionConsidering the study results, it looks like no significant effect of excessive drug supply and inventory management on the expiration of medicines at MPPD. However, the Supply Chain Management components are the most vulnerable to contribute to the expiration of medicines at MPPD. There are many changes to be done inside the institution to remedy the issue of expiration like working according to the standard operating procedures, improving the Skills of personnel in supply chain management, empowering the procurement unit with skilled personnel and improving the communication with stakeholders to facilitate the smooth and quick replenishment and distribution of the stock. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2021;4(2): 281-291

scholarly journals The Hidden Cost of Supply Chain Disruptions: Case Study of the UK’s Automotive Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Hubert Escaith ◽  
Sangeeta Khorana ◽  
William A. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Automotive Sector ◽  
Input Output ◽  
The Uk

As the world economy has become increasingly integrated the spectre of transnational supply chains has become a central feature of globalisation. The smooth and unfettered working of transnational supply chains has facilitated efficiency increasing changes to business operations (such as just in time inventory management). The automotive sector worldwide has been at the forefront of internationally integrated supply systems. The European Union (EU) has, in part, been structured to reduce friction in Europe-wide supply chains through the single market. Transnational supply chains are at the heart of United Kingdom (UK) – EU trade, and the UK’s departure from the EU’s single market (Brexit) will increase friction in international trade. This case study of the UK’s automotive sector uses a social network approach to analyse supply chain linkages between the UK, EU and other trading partners, and how these could be impacted as a result of Brexit. We use data from Trade in Value Added (TiVA) and World Input-Output Database (WIOD) to map supply chains, estimate total value-added in exports and examine how Brexit is likely to impact the competitiveness of UK exports. Results confirm that the UK’s automotive sector is closely integrated with the EU. To offset the loss of UK’s export competitiveness after Brexit, trade facilitation measures complemented with a duty drawback scheme could be an option in the short run. Policy measures are, however, unlikely to replace the benefits of duty-free and frictionless access enjoyed under single market trading arrangements. This suggests that the UK automotive sector, which is primarily comprised of globally active firms, may have to reconfigure supply chain arrangements and in the long run alter how decisions pertaining to locations are made. Keywords: Brexit, global value chains, input-output linkages, WIOD.

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