Market access of Chinese patent medicine products to healthcare security system in China: implications for international integration of traditional medicine into health systems

Background China has introduced a series of polices and practice to manage the market access of Chinese patent medicine (CPM) products into its healthcare security system, which is less analyzed and reported in current literature. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the mechanisms managing market access of CPM products into healthcare security system in China, expecting to provide implications for international integration of traditional medicine products into health systems. Method This paper used a documentary analysis approach as a qualitative research method. Data were collected from four sources and analyzed in a thematic way. Results Four mechanisms to manage entry, price adjustment, and exit of innovative brand and generic CPM products are identified, including: (1) price negotiation, mechanism of new entry of innovative brand CPM products into the national reimbursement list; (2) price re-negotiation, mechanism of price adjustment of innovative brand CPM products within the national reimbursement list; (3) mass procurement, mechanism of generic CPM products to healthcare security system; and (4) direct removal, mechanism of removal from the national reimbursement list. Conclusions China has established market access framework of CPM products by focusing on price negotiation for innovative brand CPM products and mass procurement for generic CPM products. Further studies of CPM products based real-world data are needed to provide clinical and pharmacoeconomic evidence to support market access of CPM products into healthcare security systems.

effect of price perception and sales promotion on the purchase decision of the pertamax turbo in Palembang City

This study aimed to determine the effect of price perception and sales promotion on the purchase decision of Pertamax Turbo in the city of Palembang. The population in this study were all consumers who purchased Pertamax Turbo in Palembang in the 2021 period, with as many as 100 respondents using the purposive sampling technique. The multiple linear regression analysis results show that price perception has a positive and significant effect on the purchase decision of Pertamax Turbo in Palembang. Sales promotion has a positive and significant effect on the purchase decision of Pertamax Turbo in the city of Palembang. For the price perception variable, it is expected that the Pertamax Turbo price adjustment will be made to reach all people. In the sales promotion variable, increasing sales by giving discounts/discounts to consumers who purchase Pertamax Turbo is necessary.

Menu Costs and the Bullwhip Effect: Supply Chain Implications of Dynamic Pricing

Suppose that technology reduces price-adjustment costs (e.g., the costs of printing and changing price tags), and as a result prices at grocery stores change more dynamically. Will this change mean less stability or more stability for grocery supply chains? In other words, will more dynamic pricing downstream mean more last-minute purchases, more overtime work, and more empty space in trucks and warehouses? Or will it mean more regular and more standardized orders, smoother schedules, and less waste? To answer this question, we fit a pricing and ordering model to data from a large Chinese supermarket chain (daily prices, sales, inventories, and shipments from products from seven categories at 78 stores for 3.5 years) and then simulate a counterfactual grocery chain in which the estimated price-adjustment costs are set to zero. We find that the removal of price-adjustment costs stabilizes the supply chain, reducing both its shipment volatility, its sales volatility, and its bullwhip (the difference between the shipment and sales volatility).

Parking and Ride Induction Methods for Drivers in Commuting Scenes

Parking and ride is a very effective method to improve the traffic condition of commuter channels, and it is necessary to develop effective parking guidance strategies. In this study, considering the travel time, walking distance, parking cruise time, parking fee, and personal attributes of drivers, a probability model of parking and ride selection in commuter scenarios was proposed, and a dynamic price adjustment method based on the equilibrium of parking occupancy in the region was constructed. The parking price was adjusted by determining the target occupancy, thus affecting the parking choice behavior to guide the commuter to park. The example analysis showed that this method adjusted the selection probability of the parking lot by using the dynamic price adjustment method from the perspective of regional parking occupancy equilibrium, solved the model by symmetric duality algorithm and formulated a reasonable parking replacement induction scheme to achieve the goal of occupancy equilibrium. Compared with parking guidance under static pricing, it can avoid the crowding of commuter vehicles into the city center effectively to reduce the congestion of commuter channels.

Do Petroleum Product Pump Prices Influence Economic Growth in Nigeria? An Empirical Analysis

This study examined the impact of fuel pump price adjustment and the causal relationship between fuel pump price adjustments and economic growth in Nigeria using secondary data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria annual report and National Bureau of Statistics publications spanning from 1980 - 2019. Descriptive statistics, unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, VECM and Granger causality test were employed to analyse the data. The result showed that a 1% increase in the prices of PMS and AGO increased economic growth by 0.014%, 0.038% and 0.018% respectively while AGO is reduced by 0.002%. Also the prices of PMS, AGO and DPK does not granger cause economic growth in Nigeria within the period under this study meaning that any macroeconomic policy that affects economic growth should be pursued independent of fuel pump prices as any policy aimed at influencing economic growth through pump price adjustments seems to be ineffective.