scholarly journals Cycling kinematics in healthy adults for musculoskeletal rehabilitation guidance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haeun Yum ◽  
Hyang Kim ◽  
Taeyong Lee ◽  
Moon Seok Park ◽  
Seung Yeol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Postoperative Rehabilitation ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation

Abstract Background Stationary cycling is commonly used for postoperative rehabilitation of physical disabilities; however, few studies have focused on the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of rehabilitation. This study aimed to elucidate the three-dimensional lower limb kinematics of people with healthy musculoskeletal function and the effect of sex and age on kinematics using a controlled bicycle configuration. Methods Thirty-one healthy adults participated in the study. The position of the stationary cycle was standardized using the LeMond method by setting the saddle height to 85.5% of the participant’s inseam. The participants maintained a pedaling rate of 10–12 km/h, and the average value of three successive cycles of the right leg was used for analysis. The pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle joint motions during cycling were evaluated in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. Kinematic data were normalized to 0–100% of the cycling cycle. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and k-fold cross-validation were used to analyze the data. Results In the sagittal plane, the cycling ranges of motion (ROMs) were 1.6° (pelvis), 43.9° (hip), 75.2° (knee), and 26.9° (ankle). The coronal plane movement was observed in all joints, and the specific ROMs were 6.6° (knee) and 5.8° (ankle). There was significant internal and external rotation of the hip (ROM: 11.6°), knee (ROM: 6.6°), and ankle (ROM: 10.3°) during cycling. There was no difference in kinematic data of the pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle between the sexes (p = 0.12 to 0.95) and between different age groups (p = 0.11 to 0.96) in all anatomical planes. Conclusions The kinematic results support the view that cycling is highly beneficial for comprehensive musculoskeletal rehabilitation. These results might help clinicians set a target of recovery ROM based on healthy and non-elite individuals and issue suitable guidelines to patients.

scholarly journals Cycling Kinematics in Healthy Adults for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Guidance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haeun Yum ◽  
Hyang Kim ◽  
Taeyong Lee ◽  
Moon Seok Park ◽  
Seung Yeol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Postoperative Rehabilitation ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Joint Motions ◽  
Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation

Abstract Background: Stationary cycling is commonly used for postoperative rehabilitation of physical disabilities, but few studies have focused on the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of rehabilitation. This study aimed to elucidate the three-dimensional lower limb kinematics of musculoskeletally healthy people and the effect of sex and age on kinematics using a controlled bicycle configuration.Methods: Thirty-one healthy adults participated in the study. The stationary cycle positioning was standardized using the LeMond method by setting the saddle height to 85.5% of the participant’s inseam. The participants maintained a pedaling rate of 10–12 km/h, and the average value of three successive cycles of the right leg was used for analysis. The pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle joint motions during cycling were evaluated in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. Kinematic data were normalized to 0–100% of the cycling cycle. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and k-fold cross-validation were used to analyze the data.Results: In the sagittal plane, the cycling ranges of motion (ROMs) were 1.6° (pelvis), 43.9° (hip), 75.2° (knee), and 26.9° (ankle). The coronal plane movement was observed in all joints, and the specific ROMs were 6.6° (knee) and 5.8° (ankle). There was significant internal and external rotation of the hip (ROM: 11.6°), knee (ROM: 6.6°), and ankle (ROM: 10.3°) during cycling. There was no difference in kinematic data of the pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle between sexes (p = 0.12 to 0.95) and among ages (p = 0.11 to 0.96) in all anatomical planes.Conclusions: The kinematic results support the assertion that cycling is highly recommended for comprehensive musculoskeletal rehabilitation. These results may help clinicians choose a target recovery ROM based on healthy and non-elite individuals and issue suitable guidelines to patients.

scholarly journals A Novel Technique to Assess Rotational Deformities in Lower Extremities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Bakhshayesh ◽  
Ugwunna Ihediwa ◽  
Sukha Sandher ◽  
Alexandros Vris ◽  
Nima Heidari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moving Objects ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
New Technique ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Digital Technique ◽  
The Right ◽  
Im Nailing

Abstract Introduction: Rotational deformities following IM nailing of tibia has a reported incidence of as high as 20%. Common techniques to measure deformities following IM nailing of tibia are either based on clinical assessment, plain X-rays or CT-scan comparing the treated leg with the uninjured contralateral side. All these techniques are based on examiners manual calculation inherently subject to bias. Following our previous rigorous motion analysis and symmetry studies on hemi pelvises, femurs and orthopaedic implants, we aimed to introduce a novel fully digital technique to measure rotational deformities in the lower legs.Material and Methods: Following formal institutional approval from the Imperial College, CT images of 10 pairs of human lower legs were retrieved. Images were anonymized and uploaded to a research server. Three dimensional CT images of the lower legs were bilaterally reconstructed. The mirrored images of the left side were merged with the right side proximally as stationary and distally as moving objects. Discrepancies in translation and rotation were automatically calculated.Results: Our study population had a mean age of 54 ± 20 years. There were six males and four females. We observed a greater variation in translation (mm) of Centre of Mass (COM) in sagittal plane (CI: -2.959--.292) which was also presented as rotational difference alongside the antero-posterior direction or Y axis (CI: .370-1.035). In other word the right lower legs in our study were more likely to be in varus compared to the left side. However, there were no statistically significant differences in coronal or axial planes.Conclusion: Using our proposed fully digital technique we found that lower legs of the human adults were symmetrical in axial and coronal plane. We found sagittal plane differences which need further addressing in future using bigger sample size. Our novel recommended technique is fully digital and commercially available. This new technique can be useful in clinical practice addressing rotational deformities following orthopaedic surgical intervention. This new technique can substitute the previously introduced techniques.

Lumbar Hyperextension in Baseball Pitching: A Potential Cause of Spondylolysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardeep Singh ◽  
Mark Lee ◽  
Matthew J. Solomito ◽  
Christian Merrill ◽  
Carl Nissen
Keyword(s):  
Motion Capture ◽  
Glenohumeral Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Motion Capture System ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Pelvic Motion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lumbar Extension ◽  
Upper Thoracic

Symptomatic spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis is thought to be caused by repetitive lumbar extension. About 8.9% of baseball pitchers that experience back pain will be diagnosed with spondylolysis. Therefore, this study aims to identify and quantify lumbar extension experienced during baseball pitching. It was hypothesized that young pitchers would exhibit less lumbar extension than older pitchers. A total of 187 healthy pitchers were divided into 3 age groups: youth, adolescent, and college. Kinematic data were collected at 250 Hz using a 3-D motion capture system. Lumbar motion was calculated as the difference between upper thoracic motion and pelvic motion over the pitching cycle. Lumbar “hyperextension” was defined as ≥20° past neutral. College pitchers had significantly greater lumbar extension compared with youth and adolescent pitchers at the point of maximum external rotation of the glenohumeral joint during the pitch cycle (−25° [13°], P = .04). For all age groups, lumbar hyperextension was present during the first 66% of the pitch cycle. Most pitchers spent 45% of pitch cycle in ≥30° of lumbar extension. Understanding that lumbar extension and hyperextension are components of the complex, multiplanar motions of the spine associated with baseball pitching can potentially help in both the prevention and management of symptomatic spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis.

scholarly journals The Appropriateness of the Helical Axis Technique and Six Available Cardan Sequences for the Representation of 3-D Lead Leg Kinematics During the Fencing Lunge

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Paul J Taylor ◽  
Lindsay Bottoms
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Common Technique ◽  
Rotation Plane ◽  
Leg Kinematics

Cardan/Euler angles represent the most common technique for the quantification of segmental rotations. Cardan angles are influenced by their ordered sequence, and sensitive to planar-cross talk from the dominant rotation plane, which may affect the angular parameters. The International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) currently recommends a sagittal, coronal, and then transverse (XYZ) ordered sequence, although it has been proposed that when quantifying non-sagittal rotations this may not be the most appropriate technique. This study examined the influence of the helical and six available Cardan sequences on lower extremity three-dimensional (3-D) kinematics of the lead leg during the fencing lunge. Kinematic data were obtained using a 3-D motion capture system as participants completed simulated lunges. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare discrete kinematic parameters, and intraclass correlations were also utilized to determine evidence of planar crosstalk. The results indicate that in all three planes of rotation, peak angle and range of motion angles using the YXZ and ZXY sequences were significantly greater than the other sequences. It was also noted that the utilization of the YXZ and ZXY sequences was associated with the strongest correlations from the sagittal plane, and the XYZ sequence was found habitually to be associated with the lowest correlations. It appears that for accurate representation of 3-D kinematics of the lead leg during the fencing lunge, the XYZ sequence is the most appropriate and as such its continued utilization is encouraged.

scholarly journals The effect of prosthetic torsional stiffness on the golf swing kinematics of a left and a right-sided trans-tibial amputee

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Rogers ◽  
S. C. Strike ◽  
E. S. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Golf Swing ◽  
Torsional Stiffness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Socket Interface

The golf swing is a biomechanically complex movement requiring three-dimensional movements at the ankle joint complex (AJC), the hips and shoulders. Trans-tibial amputees lose the natural AJC movements as many prostheses do not allow three dimensional foot movements. Torsion devices have been developed and incorporated into prostheses to facilitate internal and external transverse plane rotations. These devices can help amputees to compensate for the loss of movement and to reduce shearing stresses at the stump-socket interface. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of three torsion devices on body rotations during the golf swing. Two trans-tibial amputees (one right-sided and one left-sided) were analysed using three-dimensional video analysis at address (ADR), the top of the backswing (TBS) and at the end of the follow-through (EFT). The participants played shots with a 3-wood under three different prosthetic conditions (two with a torsion device set to different stiffness values, and one with no torsion device). The results showed that the torsion device served to improve the hip and shoulder rotations of the left-side amputee without increasing perceived stress at the stump. The torsion device had minimal effect on the hip and shoulder rotations of the right-side amputee, although perceived stress was reduced. The difference in results between the right-sided and left-sided amputees was due to the different requirements of each foot during the golf swing. The main problem faced by the right-side amputee was a loss of the sagittal plane movement of ankle joint plantarflexion at EFT, rather than the transverse plane movement.

Kinematics of the Axially Loaded Ankle

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Michelson ◽  
Stephen L. Helgemo
Keyword(s):  
Axial Load ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Knee Amputation ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Ankle Biomechanics

An apparatus that allowed the application of a 900 N axial load and the simultaneous measurement of rotation in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes was used to study the normal kinematics of the ankle in 13 below-knee amputation specimens. Two testing routines were done on all specimens. In the first sequence, specimens were moved through a dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF) arc of 60° (25° DF and 35° PF). DF was associated with an average of 2.5° of external rotation, and PF was associated with an average of <1° of internal rotation. In the coronal plane, PF and DF were both associated with <1° of varus. In the second part of the testing, the ankle position in the sagittal plane (DF/PF) was fixed and the axial load was increased from 50 N to 750 N in 100-N intervals. Increasing the axial load caused an increase in external rotation and valgus of 1° to 2°. For axial rotation, external rotation was more pronounced in PF than DF. The effect of load on the increase on valgus was not affected by sagittal ankle position. The effect of increasing axial load on sagittal rotation was to increase DF or PF <2° over the entire range of loads and sagittal positions. The understanding of ankle biomechanics is essential to the formulation of rational guidelines for the treatment of ankle pathology and the prediction of the long-term consequences of ankle injuries. The incomplete understanding of this subject is evident when the disparate recommendations for a number of common conditions are considered. By examining the three-dimensional motion of the stable ankle, a more precise understanding of the abnormal three-dimensional motions associated with instability can be achieved. This knowledge will permit a logical approach to treatment of ankle fractures.

scholarly journals A three dimensional multiplane kinematic model for bilateral hind limb gait analysis in cats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan P. Brown ◽  
Gina E. Bertocci ◽  
Kimberly A. Cheffer ◽  
Dena R. Howland
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Plane Model ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Joint Flexion

AbstractBackground: Kinematic gait analysis is an important noninvasive technique used for quantitative evaluation and description of locomotion and other movements in healthy and injured populations. Three dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis offers additional outcome measures including internal-external rotation not characterized using sagittal plane analysis techniques.Methods: The objectives of this study were to 1) develop and evaluate a 3D hind limb multiplane kinematic model for gait analysis in cats using joint coordinate systems, 2) implement and compare two 3D stifle (knee) prediction techniques, and 3) compare flexion-extension determined using the multiplane model to a sagittal plane model. Walking gait was recorded in 3 female adult cats (age = 2.9 years, weight = 3.5 ± 0.2 kg). Kinematic outcomes included flexion-extension, internal-external rotation, and abduction-adduction of the hip, stifle, and tarsal (ankle) joints.Results: Each multiplane stifle prediction technique yielded similar findings. Joint angles determined using markers placed on skin above bony landmarks in vivo were similar to joint angles determined using a feline hind limb skeleton in which markers were placed directly on landmarks ex vivo. Differences in hip, stifle, and tarsal joint flexion-extension were demonstrated when comparing the multiplane model to the sagittal plane model.Conclusions: This multiplane cat kinematic model can predict joint rotational kinematics as a tool that can quantify frontal, transverse, and sagittal plane motion. This model has multiple advantages given its ability to characterize joint internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction. A further, important benefit is greater accuracy in representing joint flexion-extension movements.

Flexibility of the hamstring muscles and the position of thetrunk in boys training football

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Eliza Smoła ◽  
Katarzyna Wódka ◽  
Marta A. Bibro ◽  
Agnieszka Jankowicz-Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Kyphosis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Left Shoulder ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hamstring Muscles ◽  
Ultrasound System ◽  
The Right

<p><b>Introduction: </b>The objective of the study was to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles and their relationship with the position of the spine, shoulder and pelvic girdles in individual planes in boys training football. <p><b>Material and methods: </b>The study included 28 boys aged 10-14, training football 3 times a week for at least 2 years. The subjects were divided into two groups: correct bilateral flexibility of the hamstring muscles, bilateral shortening of the hamstring muscles. Body height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. The three-dimensional position of the trunk was examined using the Zebris pointer ultrasound system. The passive straightleg- raising test was used to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. <p><b>Results: </b>32% of people were diagnosed with the correct length of both hamstring muscles, 57% had shortened muscles in both limbs. Mean values determining the depth of thoracic kyphosis indicated its deepening in each of the groups, however, lower values were recorded in boys with reduced flexibility of the hamstring muscle mass. This group was also characterised by a better balance of the trunk in the sagittal plane. The average depth of lumbar lordosis in both groups was within the normal range. In the frontal plane, in both groups of footballers there was a tendency to lift the left shoulder (more frequent in the group with normal flexibility), the pelvis on the left side and shift the trunk to the right. <p><b>Conclusion: </b>Shortening of the hamstring muscles is common in boys who train football, but no evidence of a relationship between the limited flexibility of these muscles and the position of the trunk was found.

scholarly journals Older adults demonstrate interlimb transfer of reactive gait adaptations to repeated unpredictable gait perturbations

GeroScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher McCrum ◽  
Kiros Karamanidis ◽  
Lotte Grevendonk ◽  
Wiebren Zijlstra ◽  
Kenneth Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gait Stability ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Treadmill Belt ◽  
Gait Perturbations

AbstractThe ability to rapidly adjust gait to cope with unexpected mechanical perturbations declines with ageing. Previous studies, however, have not ensured that gait stability pre-perturbation was equivalent across participants or age groups which may have influenced the outcomes. In this study, we investigate if age-related differences in stability following gait perturbations remain when all participants walk with equivalent stability. We also examine if interlimb transfer of gait adaptations are observed in healthy older adults, by examining if adaptation to repeated perturbations of one leg can benefit stability recovery when the other leg is perturbed. During walking at their stability-normalised walking speeds (young: 1.32 ± 0.07 m/s; older: 1.31 ± 0.13 m/s; normalised to an average margin of stability of 0.05 m), 30 young and 28 older healthy adults experienced ten unpredictable treadmill belt accelerations (the first and last applied to the right leg, the others to the left leg). Using kinematic data, we assessed the margins of stability during unperturbed walking and the first eight post-perturbation recovery steps. Older adults required three more steps to recover during the first perturbation to each leg than the young adults. Yet, after repeated perturbations of the left leg, older adults required only one more step to recover. Interestingly, for the untrained right leg, the older adults could regain stability with three fewer steps, indicating interlimb transfer of the improvements. Age differences in reactive gait stability remain even when participants’ walk with equivalent stability. Furthermore, we show that healthy older adults can transfer improvements in balance recovery made during repeated perturbations to one limb to their recovery following a perturbation to the untrained limb.

scholarly journals Assessment of right ventricular segmental volumes and ejection fractions using a 15-segment model: three-dimensional echocardiographic study in healthy volunteers

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Fabian ◽  
BK Lakatos ◽  
M Tokodi ◽  
A Ujvari ◽  
E Kispal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Free Wall ◽  
Segment Model ◽  
Regional Dysfunction ◽  
The Right

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. On top of global ventricular function, segmental metrics may bear clinically relevant information. Concerning the left ventricle (LV), standardized segmentation is widely performed in different cardiovascular imaging modalities mainly to correlate regional dysfunction with coronary perfusion territories, or to appreciate and quantify distinct patterns in LV myocardial function. The same applies to the right ventricle (RV); as pulmonary hypertension, or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy are just two clinical examples among several others, where established regional dysfunction exists. Nevertheless, only a few options are available for the comprehensive and quantitative assessment of the segmental RV function due to its complex three-dimensional (3D) shape. Therefore, our aim was to develop a 3D echocardiographic software solution for volumetric partitioning of the RV using a 15-segment model and to investigate a large number of healthy volunteers to describe the normal segmental pattern. One hundred and fifty healthy adults with a balanced age range and an equal sex distribution were investigated (15-15 women and men in each age groups: 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60+). Beyond standard two-dimensional echocardiographic protocol, full volume 3D datasets were acquired. Using commercially available software, we reconstructed the 3D mesh model of the RV and measured end-diastolic (EDV), end-systolic volumes and ejection fraction (EF). The 3D model was post-processed using the ReVISION method to calculate regional and segmental volumes and EFs. Fifteen standard segments were separated and quantified (Figure). Increasing age resulted in significantly lower RV stroke volume (r=-0.17; p &lt; 0.05) and tended towards lower RV EDV (r=-0.15, p = 0.06). EDVs of inflow tract and outflow tract segments decreased during aging (r=-0.21, p &lt; 0.05 and r=-0.26, p &lt; 0.01, respectively). Between the pre-specified age groups, there was no difference concerning global RVEF (ANOVA p = NS). In the 50-59 age group, regional EF of septal segments and also free wall segments were significantly lower compared to subjects in the 30-39 and 40-49 age categories (both p &lt; 0.05). Global RV EDV was significantly lower in women (women vs. men: 95 ± 20 vs. 125 ± 28 ml; p &lt; 0.05) along with a higher RV EF compared to men (62 ± 4 vs. 59 ± 4; p &lt; 0.05). However, segmental EFs of apical, septal mid anterior, free wall mid posterior, free wall mid lateral, septal basal anterior and inflow tract segments were comparable between genders. The ReVISION method allows a volumetric partitioning of the RV 3D models to investigate segmental geometry and function in a 15-segment model. We have explored segmental differences between different ages and genders. Further studies are warranted to justify the importance of segmental assessment of the RV in different cardiac diseases. Abstract Figure. Separation of 15 standard RV segments

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