Age at first marriage, age at first sex, family size preferences, contraception and change in fertility among women in Uganda: analysis of the 2006–2016 period

This chapter examines changes in marriage and fertility among Jordanians and Syrian refugees in Jordan. It finds considerable continuity in marriage practices among Jordanians from 2010 to 2016. Jordanians witnessed very modest increases in median age at first marriage. Education is the main factor associated with later ages at marriage and first birth among women. The cost of marriage among Jordanians has declined since 2010 and is unlikely to have contributed to trends in marriage age. Despite the small increase in age at first marriage, fertility declined among Jordanians from a total fertility rate of 3.9 in 2010 to 3.3 in 2016. Compared to the Jordanians, Syrian refugees experienced an earlier transition to marriage and a higher total fertility rate of 4.4 in 2016. The marriage and fertility patterns of Syrian refugees point to high selection on factors associated with earlier marriage and higher fertility.

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Socioeconomic Determinants of Age at First Marriage in Bangladesh

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932000006477 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 35-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ashraf Uddin Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Women's Education ◽

The Other ◽

Work Status ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Marriage Age ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Socioeconomic Determinants ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage

SummaryThis study examines the factors affecting age at first marriage—place of residence, education, premarital work status, religion, husband's childhood residence, education and occupation. Women's education appears to be the strongest determinant of variation in marriage age, and all the other factors show statistically significant influences.

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Jamila Ḥarabun and Her Two Husbands

Journal of Family History ◽

10.1177/0363199018766876 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 227-252

Author(s):

Minna Rozen

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Power Struggles ◽

Thick Description ◽

Marriage Age ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage

This article engages with Jewish marriage in the urban centers of the sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire: the purpose of marriage, the choice of a proper spouse, the place of emotion in choosing a mate at first marriage, age at first marriage, the limits of patriarchal authority, power struggles between rabbinic leaders, and use made by Jewish litigants of the empire’s power in order to achieve their goals. Several rulings made by Salonikan rabbinic authorities of the time provide a “thick description” of the affair, enabling us to comprehend the behavior of all involved parties in terms of the sociological, political, religious, financial, and gendered context in which they lived.

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Determinants of age at first marriage in Ethiopia using 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys: Application of Cox Proportional Hazard model

10.21203/rs.2.14902/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Masrie Getnet ◽

Chaltu Fikru ◽

Tamrat Shewano

Keyword(s):

Educational Level ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Hazard Model ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Model ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Proportional Hazard Model ◽

First Sex ◽

First Marriage ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Age At First Marriage

Abstract Background Although, determining age at first marriage has a various socioeconomic and demographic implications, available information in Ethiopia is nearly scanty.Methods We used data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. The survival information of a total of 15,683 women with reproductive age (15-49) were examined. Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to identify the determinants of age at first marriage.Results The highest probability of getting age at first marriage occurred in the early age of women, whereas the probability of getting age at first marriage were lower in the later age of women. In Ethiopia more than 44% of women were married before turning 18 years. The median age at first marriage was 17 years old. According to multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, significant variables of age at first marriage were; women’s educational level with secondary and above (HR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.80-0.92), regions; Tigray (HR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.43-1.75), Afar (HR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.43-1.78), Amhara (HR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.46-1.79), Oromia (HR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.18-1.45), Somalia (HR=1.4, 95%CI: 1.26-1.57), Benishangul (HR=1.4, 95%CI: 1.25-1.55), Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) (HR=1.4, 95%CI: 1.29-1.60), Gambela (HR=1.5, 95%CI: 1.30-1.62), Harari (HR=1.2, 95% CI: 1.10-1.35) & Driedawa (HR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.20-1.47), women’s from rural residence (HR=1.1, 95% CI: 1.03-1.18), Muslim women’s (HR=1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.20), getting first marriage who had first sex <15 years (HR=2.6, 95%CI: 2.44-2.69) & getting first marriage who had first sex ≥ 20 years and household with ≥5 members (HR=1.1, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12) compared to their counterparts.Conclusion Women’s educational level with secondary and above, regions out of Addis Ababa, women’s from rural area, religion being Muslim, women’s who had first sex <15 years, women’s who had first sex ≥ 20 years and household with ≥5 members were the significant determinants of age at first marriage. Women’s with lower education, residing out of Addis Ababa and rural Ethiopia, being Muslim, who had first sex <15 years old and five & more members in the household deserve special attention.

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Economics guide global marriage age decisions

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db201464 ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Child Survival ◽

Well Being ◽

Child Marriage ◽

Marriage Age ◽

Content Type ◽

Household Level ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

The Impact

Subject An overview of the success of policies on raising marriage ages. Significance Human rights campaigns against child marriage in developing countries have become ubiquitous in recent years. However, the global median age at first marriage has already risen significantly, especially for women, from 21.8 in the 1980, to 24.7 in 2000. Demographic trends show widespread delays in age at first marriage across Africa and Asia. Despite this global shift, the root causes of marriage trends in developing countries has been largely overlooked. Policy campaigns focus primarily on a rights-based discourse of girl empowerment, but the choice of marriage age is often determined collectively and in relation to considerations of a family's livelihood. Impacts Delayed entry to marriage improves the health and well-being of women, including improved education rates, and delays in childbearing. Rising marriage age is correlated with fertility declines, which improves child survival and economic growth at the household level. Women who marry later are more productive members of the workforce, improving national economic indicators. The disconnect between demographics and policy discourse wastes aid resources and limits the impact of child marriage prevention campaigns.

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Demystifying the Effects of Age at Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size in Zambia

10.20944/preprints202006.0081.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nkuye Moyo ◽

Tina Nanyangwe-Moyo ◽

Xiaochun Qiao ◽

Jilei Wu ◽

Xiaoying Zheng

Keyword(s):

Family Size ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Reproductive Period ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Age At Marriage ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

Completed Family Size

The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45-49 in 2014 of the 1965-1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 ZDHS. We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the effect of mother’s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confident intervals at 95% are reported. Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5 – 6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0 – 18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7 – 19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 0.262; 95% CI:0.126-0.547 and RRR: 0.176; 95% CI:0.068-0.497 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22. Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increased the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman’s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

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Factors influencing desired number of children among Ethiopian women: Application of count regression models.

10.21203/rs.2.17780/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Habitu Liyew Molla ◽

Essey Kebede Muluneh

Keyword(s):

Family Size ◽

Women's Education ◽

Regression Models ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Number Of Children ◽

First Marriage ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

Desired Family Size

Abstract Background: Desired family size, the number of children wanted in one’s lifetime, is one of the major factors influencing the population dynamics. Knowledge of factors influencing the desired family size is crucial in regulating the population growth. This study assesses the desired family size and its determinants among Ethiopian women. Methods: The study was based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 13,941 women with complete information were considered in the study. Count regression models, a family of generalized linear models, were used to identify determinant factors for the desired number of children among women in Ethiopia. Results: Results showed that the average number of children per women was 4.5. The highest average was recorded in Somali region (10.58) and the lowest in Addis Ababa city administration (3.56). The random intercept negative binomial regression model was found to be the most appropriate model for the data. Women’s age, household head, contraception using, wealth index, women’s education, religion, marital status, husband’s work, family size and age at first marriage were significantly associated with the desired number of children by women at reproductive age. The study also showed that there was significant regional variation in desired number of children among Ethiopian women. Conclusions: Variables such as women’s age and family size were positively associated with the desired number of children by women at reproductive age while age at first marriage, contraception using, wealth index and women’s education were negatively associated with the desired number of children by women. Women who attained higher level of education preferred small family size compared to women with no formal education. Desire for children was high among mothers from rural areas, women in the poorest economic level and woman having no work. Keywords: Desired number of children, statistical weight, EDHS, Count regression models, multilevel analysis.

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The marriage age U-shape

Journal of Demographic Economics ◽

10.1017/dem.2021.27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-42

Author(s):

Pavel Jelnov

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Women's Labor ◽

Search Frictions ◽

World War ◽

The West ◽

Marriage Age ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

Age Of Marriage ◽

Women's Labor Force Participation

Abstract In this paper, I address the U-shaped dynamics (a decrease followed by an increase) in the age at first marriage during the twentieth century. First, I show that the U-shaped dynamics have been steeper in Western that in other countries. Second, I find that these dynamics in the West are strongly related to the post-World War II (WWII) economic growth. By contrast, in the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries age of marriage was much less correlated across Western countries. I propose a simple model where age of marriage is a function of search frictions and married women's labor force participation. Both factors put together generate U-shaped dynamics as a result of an industrial boom that mimics the post-WWII Western economic development.

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Measuring Independent and Controlled Effects of Age at First Marriage and Age at First Birth on Completed Family Size among women aged 45-49 in Zambia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-311441/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nkuye Moyo ◽

Tina Nanyangwe-Moyo ◽

Xiaochun Qiao ◽

Jilei Wu ◽

Xiaoying Zheng

Keyword(s):

Family Size ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Reproductive Period ◽

Age At First Birth ◽

First Birth ◽

Chi Square ◽

First Marriage ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

Completed Family Size

Abstract Background The link between age at marriage and first birth in explaining completed family size is not always direct, due to heterogeneity in circumstances, that compel individual women to marry or initiate childbearing at a particular age. We analyzed data for 1020 women aged 45–49 in 2014 of the 1965–1969 birth cohort from the 2013-14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). Methods We fitted a bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression to establish the relationship between a mother’s age at first marriage and at first birth on completed family size (CFS). Chi-square test of proportions measuring differences in proportions and relative risk ratios (RRR) with confidence intervals at 95% are reported. Results Our results show that the average CFS was 6.7 (95% CI: 6.5–6.9) among women completing their reproductive span in 2014 with mean age at first marriage and birth being 18.3 years (95% CI: 18.0–18.5) and 18.9 years (95% CI: 18.7–19.1) respectively. Women marrying at younger ages and having their first birth at younger ages were more likely (RRR: 1.187; 95% CI: 1.138–1.239 and RRR: 0.195; 95% CI: 0.074–0.511 respectively) to have higher CFS than their compatriots that initiated both marriage and childbearing at or after age 22 controlling for covariates as presented in the controlled model. The independent effects model shows that the risk of having 1–3 children compared to 6 or more children was lower (RRR: 0.073; 95% CI: 0.009–0.611; RRR: 0.136; 95% CI: 0,046-0.402 and RRR: 0.421; 05% CI: 0.135–1.312) for women whose ages at first marriage were < 15, 15–18 and 19–21 respectively relative to 22+. Women with 1–3 children were 2.5 times more likely to use contraception than women with 6 or more children. Conclusion Having no education, being a rural resident and having a medium household wealth all increase the risk of having higher CFS. Women that marry before age 19 have a higher likelihood of having 6 or more children by the end of their reproductive period. The study concludes that apart from a woman’s age at first marriage and first birth, a complex network of factors interact to determined CFS.

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Older Yet Fairer: How Extended Reproductive Time Horizons Reshaped Marriage Patterns in Israel

American Economic Journal Applied Economics ◽

10.1257/app.20180780 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 198-234

Author(s):

Naomi Gershoni ◽

Corinne Low

Keyword(s):

Age At First Birth ◽

Marriage Age ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

Younger Women ◽

Marriage Patterns ◽

First Marriage ◽

Time Horizons ◽

Age At First Marriage ◽

Comparison Groups

Israel’s 1994 adoption of free in vitro fertilization (IVF) provides a natural experiment for how fertility time horizons impact women’s marriage timing and other outcomes. We find a substantial increase in average age at first marriage following the policy change, using both men and Arab-Israeli women as comparison groups. This shift appears to be driven by both increased marriages by older women and younger women delaying marriage. Age at first birth also increased. Placebo and robustness checks help pinpoint IVF as the source of the change. Our findings suggest age-limited fertility materially impacts women’s life timing and outcomes relative to men. (JEL J12, J13, J16)

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