scholarly journals Length of metacarpal and metatarsal bones in five Iranian sheep breeds and their associations with ungula measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Azarpajouh ◽  
María Pia Munita ◽  
Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Metatarsal Bone ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Metatarsal Bones ◽  
Metacarpal Bones ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Cornea Thickness

Abstract Background This study aimed to measure the length of metacarpal and metatarsal bones in five Iranian sheep breeds and to correlate the length of the bones with ungula measurements. Thoracic and pelvic limbs of 2-year-old, previously untrimmed, pastured Afshari, Moghani, Kurdi, Makoui, and Lori–Bakhtiari ewes, (n = 20 ewes per breed) were collected after slaughter. The following lengths were recorded in the metacarpal and metatarsal bones: from the margo proximalis lateralis to the lateral (L1) and medial (D1) cartilago physialis; from the margo proximalis lateralis to the margo abaxialis of the lateral (L2) and medial (D2) caput; from the cartilago physialis lateralis to the margo abaxialis of the lateral caput (X1); from the cartilago physialis medialis to the margo distalis of the caput ridge (X2) and from the margo axialis of cartilago physialis to the margo axialis of the lateral caput (X3). Additionally, measurements of the ungula including pars dorsalis length, pars mobilis lateralis and medialis height, pars dorsalis height to the ground and to the solea cornea, thickness of the solea in the pars dorsalis, pars mobilis lateralis and medialis, solea cornea length and angulus dorsalis were recorded in the medial and lateral digits of the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Data on length of the metatarsal and metacarpal bones were analysed using mixed model equations while Pearson correlations were calculated between metacarpal and metatarsal bones and ungula measurements. Results Lori- Bakhtiari and Moghani ewes had greater L1, L2, and D1 and D2 while X1, X2 and X3 was greater in Kurdi ewes (P < 0.05). Measurements such as L1, L2, D1 and D2 were greater in the metatarsal than in metacarpal bones (P < 0.05) and the opposite was observed for X1, X2 and X3 (P < 0.05). No asymmetry was observed between the lateral and medial measurements (P > 0.05). Low to moderate correlations were observed between bone and ungula measurements (P < 0.05). Conclusion Under the conditions of this study, differences in metacarpal and metatarsal bone measurements were observed between breeds but no asymmetry was observed between lateral and medial bones. Results indicate an association between metacarpal and metatarsal bones ungula measurements. This could provide baseline information for the development and/or improvement of current ungula health protocols in the studied sheep breeds.

Culture Concordance in Different Sections of the Metatarsal Head: Interpretations of Microbiological Results

2021 ◽  
pp. 153473462110037
Author(s):  
Raul Juan Molines-Barroso ◽  
Esther García-Morales ◽  
David Sevillano-Fernández ◽  
Yolanda García-Álvarez ◽  
Francisco J. Álvaro-Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Bone Biopsy ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Metatarsal Bone ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Metatarsal Bones ◽  
Bone Biopsies

Microbiological cultures of per-wound bone biopsies have shown a lack of correlation and a high rate of false-negative results when compared with bone biopsy cultures in diabetic foot osteomyelitis. The selection of samples from the area of active osteomyelitis, which contains a complete census of the microorganisms responsible for the infection, is essential to properly guide antimicrobial treatment. We aimed to comparatively evaluate the quantitative and qualitative cultures taken from different areas, in metatarsal heads resected for osteomyelitis. For this purpose, we consecutively selected 13 metatarsal heads from 12 outpatients with plantar ulcers admitted to our diabetic foot unit. Metatarsal heads were divided transversally into 3 portions: plantar (A), central (B), and dorsal (C), and the 39 resulting samples were cultured. Qualitative and quantitative microbiological analysis was performed, and the isolated species and bacterial load, total and species specific, were compared between the 3 metatarsal bone segments. The primary outcome of the study was the bacterial diversity detected in the different bone sections. Cultures were positive in 12 of the 13 included metatarsal heads (92%). A total of 34 organisms were isolated from all specimens. Ten of the 12 cultures (83%) were polymicrobial. Ten of the 13 metatarsal heads (77%) had identical microbiological results in each of the 3 bone sections. The largest number of microorganisms was found in the central section. The overall concordance between sections was 91%. The predominant microorganisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (41%). Statistical differences were not found in the bioburden between sections (range 3.25-3.41 log10 colony-forming unit/g for all sections; P = .511). The results of our study suggest that microorganisms exhibit a high tendency to spread along the metatarsal bone and that the degree of progression along the bone is species dependent. The central portions of metatarsal bones tend to accumulate a higher diversity of species. Thus, we recommend this area of bone for targeted biopsy in patients with suspected osteomyelitis.

scholarly journals Reduced Animal Models Fitting Only Equations for Phenotyped Animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Nilforooshan ◽  
Dorian Garrick
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Reduced Model ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Full Model ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Reduced Animal Model ◽  
Numerator Relationship Matrix ◽  
Model Equations

Reduced models are equivalent models to the full model that enable reduction in the computational demand for solving the problem, here, mixed model equations for estimating breeding values of selection candidates. Since phenotyped animals provide data to the model, the aim of this study was to reduce animal models to those equations corresponding to phenotyped animals. Non-phenotyped ancestral animals have normally been included in analyses as they facilitate formation of the inverse numerator relationship matrix. However, a reduced model can exclude those animals and obtain identical solutions for the breeding values of the animals of interest. Solutions corresponding to non-phenotyped animals can be back-solved from the solutions of phenotyped animals and specific blocks of the inverted relationship matrix. This idea was extended to other forms of animal model and the results from each reduced model (and back-solving) were identical to the results from the corresponding full model. Previous studies have been mainly focused on reduced animal models that absorb equations corresponding to non-parents and solve equations only for parents of phenotyped animals. These two types of reduced animal model can be combined to formulate only equations corresponding to phenotyped parents of phenotyped progeny.

scholarly journals Metal Distribution and Sediment Quality Variation across Sediment Depths of a Subtropical Ramsar Declared Wetland

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2779
Author(s):  
Tatenda Dalu ◽  
Rolindela Tshivhase ◽  
Ross N. Cuthbert ◽  
Florence M. Murungweni ◽  
Ryan J. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
General Management ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
High Enrichment ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Sediment Metals ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Quality Variation

The study of wetlands is particularly important as these systems act as natural water purifiers and thus can act as sinks for contaminated particles. Wetland sediments are important as they provide an indication of potential contamination across temporal and spatial scales. The current study aimed to investigate the distributions of selected metals and nutrients in different sites in relation to sediment depth, and identify relationships among sediment metals. Significant differences in nutrient (i.e., N, P) and metal (i.e., K, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, B) concentrations were found across study sites, whereas nutrients (i.e., N, P) and metals (i.e., Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn) were significantly different with sediment depths. When compared against Canadian sediment standards, most of the assessed metals were within the “no effect” level across the different sites and depths. The K, Ca, and Mg concentration showed extreme contamination across all sites and depths. The enrichment factor values for K, Ca, and Mg showed extremely high enrichment levels for all sites and sediment depths. The Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and B concentration showed mostly background enrichment levels. All sediments across the different sites and sediment depths indicated deterioration of sediment quality. Pearson correlations suggest that most metals might have originated in a similar source as that of Mn and B, owing to a lack of significant differences. These results provide baseline information for the general management of the Nylsvley Wetland in relation to sediment metal pollution. The specific sources of metal contaminants also require further elucidation to further inform management efforts.

Epoxy putty external skeletal fixation for fractures of the four main metacarpal and metatarsal bones in cats and dogs

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Emmerson ◽  
A. P. Moores ◽  
M. J. Pead ◽  
B. Puerta
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Anatomical Reconstruction ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Fracture Union ◽  
Metatarsal Bones ◽  
Metacarpal Bones

SummaryThe objective of this retrospective study was to report the clinical use, advantages, disadvantages, complications and outcome of an epoxy putty external skeletal fixator (EPESF) used for the repair of fractures of all four main metatarsal or metacarpal bones in a single limb in 11 dogs and 11 cats. The aim of this technique was to achieve satisfactory alignment of the proximal and distal joints and the digits, rather than anatomical reconstruction of the metacarpal/metatarsal bones themselves. All of the cases achieved fracture union and they all recovered fully without any residual lameness.

ALTERNATIVE PROGENY TESTING PROGRAMS FOR WEANING WEIGHT AND EASE OF CALVING IN BEEF CATTLE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. S. HUDSON ◽  
L. R. SCHAEFFER ◽  
J. W. WILTON
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Calving Ease ◽  
Model Equations ◽  
Average Standard Error

Progeny test programs were characterized by numbers of young bulls, successful matings (conceptions) per young bull, herds in which each young sire was used, proven bulls used as reference sires and herd size. Matings to reference sires were calculated as a percentage of the number of young sire matings. Designs were simulated and mixed-model equations formed and added to equations obtained from the Canadian ROP program for years 1971–1978. The average standard error of prediction (SEP) of young bulls was used for comparing designs. Increasing matings per young sire decreased SEP curvilinearly. The curvilinearity was greater when either herd size or herds per young sire was low. Increasing herd size and herds per young sire improved connectedness between sires and reduced SEP. Number of young sires affected SEP only when fewer than 10 bulls were sampled. Number of young sire matings were more important in reducing SEP than percent reference sire matings. If number of young sire matings was adequate to achieve a desired level of SEP, 10% reference sire matings were sufficient. The number of reference sires used did not affect SEP. Design patterns affected SEP of weaning weight (h2 = 0.25) and calving ease (h2 = 0.10) similarly. SEP was not affected by the number of proven sires in a breed (Maine Anjou, 133 sires or Blonde d’Aquitaine, 39 sires) or by the connectedness between proven sires.

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