Malaria risk factor assessment using active and passive surveillance data from Aceh Besar, Indonesia, a low endemic, malaria elimination setting with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum

Latar belakang: Malaria merupakan salah satu kasus penyakit yang tidak pernah hilang. World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan sebanyak 300 hingga 500 juta orang terinfeksi malaria tiap tahunnya dengan angka kematian berkisar antara 1,5 hingga 2,7 juta pertahun. Pemerintah melalui Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) tahun 2015-2019 menargetkan sebanyak 300 kabupaten/kota akan memiliki sertifikasi eliminasi malaria pada tahun 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pendahuluan terkait dengan distribusi dan prevalensi kejadian malaria di Provinsi Aceh. Meskipun sebagian besar kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh sudah memiliki sertifikat eliminasi malaria, akan tetapi sebagian wilayah masih terdapat kasus malaria yang relatif tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis parasit plasmodium yang paling dominan menyebabkan penyakit malaria dan mengklasifikasikan wilayah Provinsi Aceh yang rentan terserang kasus malaria berdasarkan indikator Annual Parasite Incidence (API).Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian analitik kuantitatif dengan pendekatan data panel. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah kasus malaria yang terjadi di 23 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Aceh dari tahun 2015 sampai 2018 yang bersumber dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Aceh. Metode statistik yang digunakan adalah analisis non-parametrik Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test dan K-Means Clustering. Hasil: Terdapat tiga jenis parasit yang paling dominan menyebabkan kasus malaria di Provinsi Aceh yaitu plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falcifarum dan plasmodium knowlesi. Berdasarkan indikator Annual Parasite Incidence (API), metode K-means clustering menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Aceh Jaya, Kota Sabang dan Kabupaten Aceh Selatan merupakan tiga wilayah yang paling rentan untuk terserang kasus malaria di Provinsi Aceh.Simpulan: Jenis-jenis parasit penyebab kasus malaria tertinggi adalah plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falcifarum dan plasmodium knowlesi. Tiga wilayah di Provinsi Aceh yang paling rentan terserang kasus malaria berdasarkan indikator API adalah Kabupaten Aceh Jaya, Kota Sabang dan Kabupaten Aceh Selatan.ABSTRACTTitle: Classification of Aceh Province Region Based on Vulnerability Levels of Malaria Cases in 2015 - 2018Background: Malaria is a case of an emerging disease. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 300 to 500 million people are infected with malaria each year with mortality rate ranging from 1.5 to 2.7 million per year. The government through the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) for 2015-2019 targets as many as 300 districts/cities to have certification of malaria elimination in 2019. This is a preliminary study related to the distribution and prevalence of malaria incidence in Aceh Province. Although most districts/cities in Aceh Province have been awarded malaria elimination certificates, some regions still have relatively high cases of malaria. This study aims to determine the type of plasmodium parasite that is the most dominant cause of malaria and to classify the regions in Aceh Province that is vulnerable to malaria cases based on the Annual Parasite Incidence (API) indicator.Method: This study is a quantitative analytical research study with panel data approach. The sample in this study was malaria cases that occurred in 23 districts/cities in Aceh Province from 2015 to 2018 obtained from the Aceh Provincial Health Office. The statistical methods used in this study were the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test and K-Means Clustering analyses.Result: There are three types of parasites which are the most dominant causes of malaria cases in Aceh Province, namely plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falcifarum and plasmodium knowlesi. Based on the Annual Parasite Incidence (API) indicator, the K-means clustering method shows that Aceh Jaya District, Sabang City and South Aceh District are the three most vulnerable areas for malaria in Aceh Province.Conclusion: The types of parasites that cause the highest malaria cases are plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falcifarum and plasmodium knowlesi. Three regions in Aceh Province that are most vulnerable to malaria cases based on API indicator are Aceh Jaya District, Sabang City and South Aceh District.

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Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax epidemiology in an era of malaria elimination

International Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.970 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 101 ◽

pp. 368-369

Author(s):

E. Collins ◽

K. Twohig

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Plasmodium Vivax ◽

Malaria Elimination

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Hacia un mundo libre de malaria: Utopía o realidad

Boletín de Malariología y Salud Ambiental ◽

10.52808/bmsa.7e5.613.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 373-382

Author(s):

Alberto Sánchez Garrido

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Plasmodium Vivax ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Plasmodium Malariae ◽

Plasmodium Ovale ◽

Plasmodium Ovale Curtisi ◽

America Latina

La Malaria es una enfermedad causada por un parásito que se transmite a los humanos a través de la picadura de mosquito hembra Anophele. Reportando la WHO en el 2019, 229 millones de casos y 409.000 muertes por la enfermedad en 87 paises del mundo, Existen seis especies de este párasito: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale wallickeri, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium malariae y Plasmodium knowlesi. Siendo la especie P. falciparum la causante de mayor morbilidad, con tasa entre 10 y 50% de mortalidad por malaria complicada. Alrededor de 108 países han declarado la malaria como enfermedad endémica, pudiendo padecer la enfermedad en cualquier época del año. Sin embargo, en el caso de América Latina hoy en día se vive un estancamiento de la enfermedad, reportándose en países menos de 100 casos autóctonos entre el 2000 y 2019, con algunas excepciones. Esta situación de vulnerabilidad de países como Brasil, Colombia, la frontera Perú-Ecuador, Venezuela, se incrementan ante la presencia activa de la pandemia producto del Covid -19 aunado a restricciones económicas, incremento de la actividad minera, o políticas públicas que ponen en riesgo la sostenibilidad del programa de control de la enfermedad. Para el 2021 la OMS corrobora que existen 87 países con malaria a nivel mundial, de los cuales 24 de ellos habían interrumpido su transmisión autóctona por 3 años. Realidad que consolidad la propuesta tras la experiencia adquirida, que cualquiera que sea la situación epidemiológica de entrada, el trabajo hacia la erradicación de la malaria debe entenderse y atenderse como un proceso continuo donde los propios Estados deben desde su realidad y estrategias propias se articulen con el Plan Estratégico Técnico Mundial Contra la Malaria 2016-2030 propuesto por la OMS. Palabras

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Malaria cross-sectional surveys identified asymptomatic infections of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi in Surat Thani, a southern province of Thailand

International Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 ◽

pp. 445-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shoichi Shimizu ◽

Sadudee Chotirat ◽

Nichakan Dokkulab ◽

Isarachai Hongchad ◽

Kessuda Khowsroy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Plasmodium Vivax ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southern Province ◽

Asymptomatic Infections

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Malaria elimination transmission and costing in the Asia-Pacific: a multi-species dynamic transmission model

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14771.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sheetal Prakash Silal ◽

Rima Shretta ◽

Olivier J. Celhay ◽

Chris Erwin Gran Mercado ◽

Sompob Saralamba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Plasmodium Vivax ◽

Malaria Elimination ◽

Health System Strengthening ◽

Republic Of Korea ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Transmission Model ◽

Pacific Region ◽

Asia Pacific Region ◽

Free Region

Background: The Asia-Pacific region has made significant progress in combatting malaria since 2000 and a regional goal for a malaria-free Asia Pacific by 2030 has been recognised at the highest levels. External financing has recently plateaued and with competing health risks, countries face the risk of withdrawal of funding as malaria is perceived as less of a threat. An investment case was developed to provide economic evidence to inform policy and increase sustainable financing. Methods: A dynamic epidemiological-economic model was developed to project rates of decline to elimination by 2030 and determine the costs for elimination in the Asia-Pacific region. The compartmental model was used to capture the dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria for the 22 countries in the region in a metapopulation framework. This paper presents the model development and epidemiological results of the simulation exercise. Results: The model predicted that all 22 countries could achieve Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax elimination by 2030, with the People’s Democratic Republic of China, Sri Lanka and the Republic of Korea predicted to do so without scaling up current interventions. Elimination was predicted to be possible in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Timor-Leste and Vietnam through an increase in long-lasting insecticidal nets (and/or indoor residual spraying) and health system strengthening, and in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, India and Thailand with the addition of innovations in drug therapy and vector control. Elimination was predicted to occur by 2030 in all other countries only through the addition of mass drug administration to scale-up and/or innovative activities. Conclusions: This study predicts that it is possible to have a malaria-free region by 2030. When computed into benefits and costs, the investment case can be used to advocate for sustained financing to realise the goal of malaria elimination in Asia-Pacific by 2030.

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