scholarly journals Malaria cross-sectional surveys identified asymptomatic infections of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi in Surat Thani, a southern province of Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Shimizu ◽  
Sadudee Chotirat ◽  
Nichakan Dokkulab ◽  
Isarachai Hongchad ◽  
Kessuda Khowsroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections

scholarly journals The epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in low, moderate and high transmission settings in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elifaged Hailemeskel ◽  
Surafel K Tebeje ◽  
Sinknesh W. Behaksra ◽  
Girma Shumie ◽  
Getasew Shitaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Rapid Diagnostics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Transmission ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract Background As countries move to malaria elimination, detecting and targeting asymptomatic malaria infections might be needed. Here, the epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were investigated in different transmission settings in Ethiopia. Method: A total of 1093 dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected from afebrile and apparently healthy individuals across ten study sites in Ethiopia from 2016 to 2020. Of these, 862 were from community and 231 from school based cross-sectional surveys. Malaria infection status was determined by microscopy or rapid diagnostics tests (RDT) and 18S rRNA-based nested PCR (nPCR). The annual parasite index (API) was used to classify endemicity as low (API > 0 and < 5), moderate (API ≥ 5 and < 100) and high transmission (API ≥ 100) and detectability of infections was assessed in these settings. Results In community surveys, the overall prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections by microscopy/RDT, nPCR and all methods combined was 12.2% (105/860), 21.6% (183/846) and 24.1% (208/862), respectively. The proportion of nPCR positive infections that was detectable by microscopy/RDT was 48.7% (73/150) for P. falciparum and 4.6% (2/44) for P. vivax. Compared to low transmission settings, the likelihood of detecting infections by microscopy/RDT was increased in moderate (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6–7.2, P = 0.002) and high endemic settings (AOR = 5.1; 95% CI 2.6–9.9, P < 0.001). After adjustment for site and correlation between observations from the same survey, the likelihood of detecting asymptomatic infections by microscopy/RDT (AOR per year increase = 0.95, 95% CI 0.9–1.0, P = 0.013) declined with age. Conclusions Conventional diagnostics missed nearly half of the asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir detected by nPCR. The detectability of infections was particularly low in older age groups and low transmission settings. These findings highlight the need for sensitive diagnostic tools to detect the entire parasite reservoir and potential infection transmitters.

scholarly journals Utility of ultra-sensitive qPCR to detect Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections under different transmission intensities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gruenberg ◽  
Clara Antunes Moniz ◽  
Natalie E. Hofmann ◽  
Cristian Koepfli ◽  
Leanne J. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Subsequent Risk

Abstract Background The use of molecular diagnostics has revealed an unexpectedly large number of asymptomatic low-density malaria infections in many malaria endemic areas. This study compared the gains in parasite prevalence obtained by the use of ultra-sensitive (us)-qPCR as compared to standard qPCR in cross sectional surveys conducted in Thailand, Brazil and Papua New Guinea (PNG). The compared assays differed in the copy number of qPCR targets in the parasite genome. Methods Plasmodium falciparum ( Pf ) and Plasmodium vivax ( Pv ) parasites were quantified by qPCR amplifying the low-copy Pf_ and Pv _18S rRNA genes or the multi-copy targets Pf _varATS and Pv _mtCOX1. Cross-sectional surveys at the three study sites included 2252 participants of all ages and represented different transmission intensities. Results In the two low-transmission areas, P. falciparum positivity was 1.3% (10/773) (Thailand) and 0.8% (5/651) (Brazil) using standard Pf _18S rRNA qPCR. In these two countries, P. falciparum positivity by Pf_ varATS us-qPCR increased to 1.9% (15/773) and 1.7% (11/651). In PNG, an area with moderate transmission intensity, P. falciparum positivity significantly increased from 8.6% (71/828) by standard qPCR to 12.2% (101/828) by us-qPCR. The proportions of P. falciparum infections not detected by standard qPCR were 33%, 55% and 30% in Thailand, Brazil and PNG. Plasmodium vivax was the predominating species in Thailand and Brazil, with 3.9% (30/773) and 4.9% (32/651) positivity by Pv _18S rRNA qPCR. In PNG, P. vivax positivity was similar to P. falciparum , at 8.0% (66/828). Use of Pv _mtCOX1 us-qPCR led to a significant increase in positivity to 5.1% (39/773), 6.4% (42/651) and 11.5% (95/828) in Thailand, Brazil, and PNG. The proportions of P. vivax infections missed by standard qPCR were similar at all three sites, with 23%, 24% and 31% in Thailand, Brazil and PNG. Conclusion The proportional gains in the detection of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections by ultra-sensitive diagnostic assays were substantial at all three study sites. Thus, us-qPCR yields more precise prevalence estimates for both P. falciparum and P. vivax at all studied levels of endemicity and represents a significant diagnostic improvement. Improving sensitivity in P. vivax surveillance by us-qPCR is of particular benefit, because the additionally detected P. vivax infections signal the potential presence of hypnozoites and subsequent risk of relapse and further transmission.

scholarly journals Species of plasmodium (P. Falciparum and P. Vivax) involved in children with malaria: An experience from a tertiary childcare hospital.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 997-1001
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahzad Maqsood ◽  
◽  
Safdar Hussain ◽  
Asim Khurshid ◽  
Sana Waqar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of Use

Objective: To find out different species of plasmodium (P. falciparum and P. vivax) involved in children with malaria at a tertiary childcare hospital. Study Design: Descriptive, Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Paediatric Medicine, The Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Multan. Period: October 2019 to March 2020. Material & Methods: A total of 281 cases of either gender, aged 1 to 12 years and patients with malaria were enrolled. A special template was designed to record study information. Venous blood as five ml sample was drawn and dispatched to institutional laboratory for ICT malaria, complete blood count and giemsa stain smear and observed under light microscope. Data analysis was performed employing SPSS version 24.0. Results: Out of a total of 281 cases, 177 (63.0%) were male ande 104 (37.0%) female. Mean age of study participants was 4.29±2.48 years. A total of 135 (48.0%) children belonged to rural areas and 197 (70.1%) had monthly family income < 25000 rupees. Mean duration of illness was 4.21 ± 2.12 days. Previous history of use of anti-malarial drugs was noted in 62 (22.1%) of our study cases. Plasmodium falciparum was observed in 52 (18.5%) cases and plasmodium vivax in 229 (81.5%). Conclusion: Plasmodium vivax is predominantly more prevalent in our population as compared with plasmodium falciparum in children with malaria. Plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax were significantly linked with age and disease duration. Malaria was noted to be more prevalent among poor families living in slum areas having inadequate sanitation facilities.

Hacia un mundo libre de malaria: Utopía o realidad

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-382
Author(s):  
Alberto Sánchez Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale Curtisi ◽  
America Latina

La Malaria es una enfermedad causada por un parásito que se transmite a los humanos a través de la picadura de mosquito hembra Anophele. Reportando la WHO en el 2019, 229 millones de casos y 409.000 muertes por la enfermedad en 87 paises del mundo, Existen seis especies de este párasito: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale wallickeri, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium malariae y Plasmodium knowlesi. Siendo la especie P. falciparum la causante de mayor morbilidad, con tasa entre 10 y 50% de mortalidad por malaria complicada. Alrededor de 108 países han declarado la malaria como enfermedad endémica, pudiendo padecer la enfermedad en cualquier época del año. Sin embargo, en el caso de América Latina hoy en día se vive un estancamiento de la enfermedad, reportándose en países menos de 100 casos autóctonos entre el 2000 y 2019, con algunas excepciones. Esta situación de vulnerabilidad de países como Brasil, Colombia, la frontera Perú-Ecuador, Venezuela, se incrementan ante la presencia activa de la pandemia producto del Covid -19 aunado a restricciones económicas, incremento de la actividad minera, o políticas públicas que ponen en riesgo la sostenibilidad del programa de control de la enfermedad. Para el 2021 la OMS corrobora que existen 87 países con malaria a nivel mundial, de los cuales 24 de ellos habían interrumpido su transmisión autóctona por 3 años. Realidad que consolidad la propuesta tras la experiencia adquirida, que cualquiera que sea la situación epidemiológica de entrada, el trabajo hacia la erradicación de la malaria debe entenderse y atenderse como un proceso continuo donde los propios Estados deben desde su realidad y estrategias propias se articulen con el Plan Estratégico Técnico Mundial Contra la Malaria 2016-2030 propuesto por la OMS. Palabras

scholarly journals GAMBARAN ERITROSIT PADA SEDIAAN DARAH TEPI PASIEN MALARIA DI PUSKESMAS SUNGAI PANCUR

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Yulvina Kurniasih ◽  
Reskiani Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Concave Function ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
Abnormal Form ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Normal Shape

<p><em>Malaria is an infectious disease is acute or chronic, caused by Plasmodium that attack the erythrocytes, which erythrocytes are biconcave, basin (concave) function to provide a space in which hemoglobin would bind oxygen. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito vectors that have been infected by Plasmodium sp. The  research is descriptive cross sectional design of the research result description the shape, size, and color of blood cells, erythrocytes in blood clots malaria positive patients, using microscopy methods to manufacture thin blood smear stained with Giemsa hereinafter. The  research was conducted in Puskesmas Sungai Pancur Tanjung Piayu Batam district from September to November 2016. Population and sample is positive malaria patients were capillary blood taken from the patient's finger. From the research results Patients with malaria attacked Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte Normal shape (biconcave), normositer size (±7 Mikron), and color Hipocrom erythrocytes (erythrocytes pale&gt;1/3</em><em> part). Patients with malaria Plasmodium vivax attacked Abnormal form erythrocytes (Crenation) is erythrocytes shrink, Makrositer size (&gt;7 Mikron) where erythrocytes enlarged, and colors Hipocrom erythrocytes (erythrocytes pale&gt;</em>1/3<em> part). </em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p>Malaria merupakanpenyakitinfeksi yang bersifat akut maupun kronis yang disebabkan oleh <em>Plasmodium</em> yang menyerang eritrosit<em>,</em> dimana eritrosit yang berbentuk <em>bikonkaf</em>, cekungan (<em>konkaf</em>) berfungsi untuk memberikan ruang pada <em>hemoglobin</em> yang akan mengikat oksigen. Penyakit malaria ditularkan melalui gigitan vektor nyamuk <em>Anopheles </em>betina yang sudah terinfeksi oleh <em>Plasmodium sp</em>. Penelitian ini ini bersifat deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional yaitu hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran bentuk, ukuran, dan warna sel darah eritrosit pada sediaan darah tepi pasien positif malari, menggunakan metode mikroskop dengan pembuatan apusan darah tipis yang selanjutnya diwarnai dengan giemsa. Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Sungai Pancur Tanjung Piayu Batam dari bulan September sampai bulan November tahun 2016. Populasi dan sampel merupakan pasien positif malaria yang diambil darah kapiler dari jari tangan pasien. Dari hasil penelitian Penderita penyakit malaria yang diserang <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> bentuk eritrosit Normal (<em>bikonkaf</em>), ukuran Normositer (± 7 Mikron), dan warna eritrosit Hipocrom (eritrosit pucat &gt;1/3 bagian). Penderita penyakit malaria yang diserang <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> bentuk eritrosit Abnormal (<em>krenasi</em>) yaitu eritrosit mengkerut, ukuran Makrositer (&gt; 7 Mikron) dimana eritrosit membesar, dan warna eritrosit Hipocrom (eritrosit pucat &gt;1/3 bagian).</p><p></p><div><em><br /></em></div><div><em><br /></em></div>

scholarly journals Association of thrombocytopenia with splenomegaly in malaria patients in East Kalimantan: A cross-sectional, retrospective study

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1832
Author(s):  
Loly R.D. Siagian ◽  
Vera M. Lumbantoruan ◽  
Nurul Hasanah ◽  
Fransiska A. Sihotang ◽  
Carta Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
East Kalimantan

Background: Malaria still presents as a major health problem in Indonesia and specifically in East Kalimantan. One common sign found in malaria patient is thrombocytopenia, the mechanism of which is still unclear. Several studies have suggested some mechanisms, one of which is splenomegaly. This study aimed to discover the association between thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly of malaria patients in East Kalimantan. Methods: This study was a descriptive retrospective study with clinical and laboratory data obtained from the medical records of malaria patients in four major public hospitals from January 2015 to July 2018. The association between thrombocytopenia with splenomegaly was analysed using Chi-Square test. Results: A total of 215 patients were included; 189 male (87.9%) and 26 female (12.1%). The etiologic agents found in these patients were Plasmodium vivax (43.2%), Plasmodium falciparum (42.8%), and mixed infection (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax) (4.6%). The thrombocyte count was normal in 28 patients (13%) and decreased in 187 patients (87%). Among patients with thrombocytopenia, the percentage of mild, moderate and severe thrombocytopenia was 18.2%, 43.8% and 33%, respectively. Splenomegaly was found in only 11 patients (5.1%). We found no association between thrombocytopenia with splenomegaly (p=0.61). Conclusions: We conclude that splenomegaly, which was a rare clinical finding of these malaria patients, was not associated with thrombocytopenia.

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