scholarly journals Genomic investigation of atypical malaria cases in Kanel, northern Senegal

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouhamad Sy ◽  
Aida Sadikh Badiane ◽  
Awa Bineta Deme ◽  
Amy Gaye ◽  
Tolla Ndiaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Different Strains

Abstract Background The diagnosis of malaria cases in regions where the malaria burden has decreased significantly and prevalence is very low is more challenging, in part because of reduced clinical presumption of malaria. The appearance of a cluster of malaria cases with atypical symptoms in Mbounguiel, a village in northern Senegal where malaria transmission is low, in September 2018 exemplifies this scenario. The collaboration between the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) at the Senegal Ministry of Health and the Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology at Cheikh Anta Diop University worked together to evaluate this cluster of malaria cases using molecular and serological tools. Methods Malaria cases were diagnosed primarily by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and confirmed by photo-induced electron transfer-polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR). 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) barcoding was used for Plasmodium falciparum genotyping. Unbiased metagenomic sequencing and Luminex-based multi-pathogen antibody and antigen profiling were used to assess exposure to other pathogens. Results Nine patients, of 15 suspected cases, were evaluated, and all nine samples were found to be positive for P. falciparum only. The 24 SNPs molecular barcode showed the predominance of polygenomic infections, with identifiable strains being different from one another. All patients tested positive for the P. falciparum antigens. No other pathogenic infection was detected by either the serological panel or metagenomic sequencing. Conclusions This work, undertaken locally within Senegal as a collaboration between the NMCP and a research laboratory at University of Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) revealed that a cluster of malaria cases were caused by different strains of P. falciparum. The public health response in real time demonstrates the value of local molecular and genomics capacity in affected countries for disease control and elimination.

scholarly journals Genomic investigation of atypical malaria cases in Kanel, northern Senegal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouhamad Sy ◽  
Aida Sadikh Badiane ◽  
Katherine J. Siddle ◽  
Amy Gaye ◽  
Tolla Ndiaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
Health Response ◽  
National Malaria Control Program ◽  
Different Strains

Abstract BackgroundDiagnosis of malaria cases in regions where the malaria burden has decreased significantly and prevalence is very low becomes more challenging, in part because of reduced clinical presumption of malaria. The appearance of a cluster of malaria cases with atypical symptoms in Mbounguiel, a village in northern Senegal where malaria transmission is low, in September 2018 exemplifies this scenario. The collaboration between the national malaria control program (NMCP) at the Senegal ministry of health and the laboratory of parasitology mycology at Cheikh Anta Diop University worked together to evaluate this cluster of malaria cases using molecular and serology tools.ResultsNine of the fifteen patients were evaluated, and all nine samples were found to be positive for P. falciparum only. The 24 SNP molecular barcode showed the predominance of polygenomic infections, with identifiable strains being different from one another. All patients tested positive for the P. falciparum antigens. No other pathogenic infection was detected by either the serological panel or metagenomic sequencing. ConclusionsThis work undertaken locally within Senegal as a collaboration between the NMCP and a research malaria laboratory at University of Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) revealed that a cluster of malaria cases were caused by different strains of P. falciparum. The public health response in real time demonstrates the value of local molecular and genomics capacity in affected countries disease control and elimination.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Real-Time Mobile Phone Case Notification by Village Malaria Workers in Rural Myanmar: A Mixed Methods Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Pyae Linn Aung ◽  
Tepanata Pumpaibool ◽  
Than Naing Soe ◽  
Myat Phone Kyaw
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Real Time ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Burden ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Case Notification

Malaria burden has markedly decreased in Myanmar and is on course for elimination by 2030. Interrupting of local transmission is essential, and timely notification within 24 hours of disease occurrence by frontline village malaria workers (VMWs) is a crucial initial component of timely follow-up by response teams. Here we studied the feasibility of real-time case notification using mobile phones among VMWs in the remote Banmauk Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. A structured quantitative and qualitative questionnaire was used for data collection after implementing the intervention for six months between May and October 2018. Ten VMWs from the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) in ten scattered villages from the township were randomly recruited and given one day of on-site training on reporting methods and how to use their own mobile phone. VMWs received 5,000MMK (approximately 3USD) per month remuneration. The baseline demographics of VMWs were not significantly different. Twenty-four out of 25 (96%) malaria patients were notified within 24 hours by the ten VMWs during the study period. All submitted information were said to be complete and correct. VMWs suggested the system as simple and acceptable despite some challenges. In the qualitative study, almost all VMWs were satisfied with the system and willing to use it in the future. This mobile phone reporting system is more efficient and easier to use than other more complicated online mobile applications. However, only a few indicators can be submitted using this approach and the system cannot be used in areas without network coverage.

scholarly journals Therapeutic efficacy of artemether–lumefantrine and artesunate–amodiaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali, 2015–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssouf Diarra ◽  
Oumar Koné ◽  
Lansana Sangaré ◽  
Lassina Doumbia ◽  
Dade Bouye Ben Haidara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Uncomplicated Malaria ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background The current first-line treatments for uncomplicated malaria recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme in Mali are artemether–lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate–amodiaquine (ASAQ). From 2015 to 2016, an in vivo study was carried out to assess the clinical and parasitological responses to AL and ASAQ in Sélingué, Mali. Methods Children between 6 and 59 months of age with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection and 2000–200,000 asexual parasites/μL of blood were enrolled, randomly assigned to either AL or ASAQ, and followed up for 42 days. Uncorrected and PCR-corrected efficacy results at days 28 and 42. were calculated. Known markers of resistance in the Pfk13, Pfmdr1, and Pfcrt genes were assessed using Sanger sequencing. Results A total of 449 patients were enrolled: 225 in the AL group and 224 in the ASAQ group. Uncorrected efficacy at day 28 was 83.4% (95% CI 78.5–88.4%) in the AL arm and 93.1% (95% CI 89.7–96.5%) in the ASAQ arm. The per protocol PCR-corrected efficacy at day 28 was 91.0% (86.0–95.9%) in the AL arm and 97.1% (93.6–100%) in the ASAQ arm. ASAQ was significantly (p < 0.05) better than AL for each of the aforementioned efficacy outcomes. No mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were identified in the Pfk13 gene. Overall, for Pfmdr1, the N86 allele and the NFD haplotype were the most common. The NFD haplotype was significantly more prevalent in the post-treatment than in the pre-treatment isolates in the AL arm (p < 0.01) but not in the ASAQ arm. For Pfcrt, the CVIET haplotype was the most common. Conclusions The findings indicate that both AL and ASAQ remain effective for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Sélingué, Mali.

scholarly journals Multiple insecticide resistance target sites in adult field strains of An. gambiae (s.l.) from southeastern Senegal

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
El hadji Diouf ◽  
El hadji Amadou Niang ◽  
Badara Samb ◽  
Cheikh Tidiane Diagne ◽  
Mbaye Diouf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Insecticide Susceptibility ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides

Abstract Background High coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of vector control strategy in Senegal where insecticide resistance by the target vectors species is a great of concern. This study explores insecticide susceptibility profile and target-site mutations mechanisms within the Anophelesgambiae complex in southeastern Senegal. Methods Larvae of Anopheles spp. were collected in two sites from southeastern Senegal Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi in October and November 2014, and reared until adult emergence. Wild F0 adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species. Susceptibility of 3–5-day-old An. gambiae (s.l.) samples to 11 insecticides belonging to the four insecticide classes was assessed using the WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays. Tested samples were identified using molecular techniques and insecticide resistance target-site mutations (kdr, ace-1 and rdl) were determined. Results A total of 3742 An.gambiae (s.l.) were exposed to insecticides (2439 from Kedougou and 1303 from Wassadou-Badi). Tests with pyrethroid insecticides and DDT showed high level of resistance in both Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi. Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl and malathion was not detected while resistance to bendoicarb and fenitrothion was confirmed in Kedougou. Of the 745 specimens of An.gambiae (s.l.) genotyped, An.gambiae (s.s.) (71.6%) was the predominant species, followed by An.arabiensis (21.7%), An.coluzzii (6.3%) and hybrids (An. gambiae (s.s.)/An.coluzzii; 0.4%). All target site mutations investigated (Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, Ace-1 and Rdl) were found at different frequencies in the species of the Anophelesgambiae complex. Vgsc-1014F mutation was more frequent in An.gambiae (s.s.) and An.coluzzii than An.arabiensis. Vgsc-1014S was present in An.gambiae (s.l.) populations in Wassadou but not in Kedougou. Ace-1 and rdl mutations were more frequent in An.gambiae (s.s.) in comparison to An.arabiensis and An.coluzzii. Conclusions Resistance to all the four insecticide classes tested was detected in southeastern Senegal as well as all target site mutations investigated were found. Data will be used by the national Malaria Control Programme.

scholarly journals Long-term Transmission Patterns and Public Health Policies Leading to Malaria Elimination in Panamá

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Hurtado ◽  
Alberto Cumbreras ◽  
Chystrie Rigg ◽  
Milixa Perea ◽  
Ana María Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Malaria Control Programme

Abstract Background: The present study provides a countrywide perspective of the malaria situation in Panama over a long-term framework, with the purpose of identifying historical malaria resurgence events and their potential causes.Methods: A descriptive-ecological study was conducted by analyzing demographic and epidemiological annual malaria time series data in Panamá (1884 – 2019) using several data sources. Malaria intensity indicators were calculated during the study period. We also analyze the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation on malaria transmission using a retrospective analysis of malaria cases between 1957 and 2019.Results: Several factors were identified responsible for malaria resurgence in Panama, mostly related with Malaria Control Programme weakening. During the past 20 years (2000 – 2019) malaria has progressively increased its prevalence within indigenous settlements, with a predominance of male cases and a high proportion (15% of total cases) in children less than 5 years old. During this period a significant and increasing proportion of the P. falciparum total cases were imported. Our retrospective analysis (1957 - 2019) evidenced that ENSO has a significant impact on malaria transmission dynamics in Panama.Conclusions: Data analysis confirmed that although authorities have been successful in focalizing malaria transmission in the country, there are still neglected issues to be solved and important intercultural barriers that need to be addressed in order to achieve elimination of the disease by 2022. This information will be useful for targeting strategies by the National Malaria Control Programme.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Malaria Control Programme in Zambia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Mulakwa Kamuliwo ◽  
Richard W. Steketee ◽  
Michael B. Macdonald ◽  
Olusegun Babaniyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
National Development ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Malaria Surveillance ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
The Government

The Zambian national malaria control programme has made great progress in the fight against Malaria. The country has solid, consistent, and coordinated policies, strategies, and guidelines for malaria control, with government prioritizing malaria in both the National Health Strategic Plan and the National Development Plan. This has translated into high coverage of proven and effective key preventive, curative, and supportive interventions with concomitant marked reduction in both malaria cases and deaths. The achievements attained can be attributed to increased advocacy, communication and behaviour changes, efficient partnership coordination including strong community engagement, increased financial resources, and evidence-based deployment of key technical interventions in accordance with the national malaria control programme policy and strategic direction. The three-ones strategy has been key for increased and successful public-private sector partner coordination, strengthening, and mobilization. However, maintaining the momentum and the gains is critical as the programme strives to achieve universal coverage of evidence-based and proven interventions. The malaria control programme’s focus is to maintain the accomplishments, by mobilizing more resources and partners, increasing the government funding towards malaria control, scaling up and directing interventions based on epidemiological evidence, and strengthen active malaria surveillance and response to reduce transmission and to begin considering elimination.

High Levels of Knockdown Resistance in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), Major Malaria Vectors in Togo, West Africa: A 2011 Monitoring Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1159-1164
Author(s):  
Koffi Mensah Ahadji-Dabla ◽  
Adjovi Djifa Amoudji ◽  
Seth Wolali Nyamador ◽  
Georges Yawo Apétogbo ◽  
Joseph Chabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Knockdown Resistance ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.S

Abstract A survey of susceptibility to DDT, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, and chlorpyrifos-methyl was conducted in five localities in 2011 in Togo, West Africa, to assess the insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae). Female populations of An. gambaie s.l. emerged from collected larvae (F0) were exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers using World Health Organization test kits for adult mosquitoes; the susceptible reference strain Kisumu was used as a control. Resistance to DDT and deltamethrin was observed within the mosquito populations tested. Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii represented the only species recorded in the study sites. The frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr L1014F) mutation determined using polymerase chain reaction diagnostic tests was lower in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii in all of the localities except Kolokopé. Further investigations of An. gambiae s.l. resistance are needed in Togo to help the National Malaria Control Programme in vector control decision making and implementation of resistance management strategy.

scholarly journals Long-term transmission patterns and public health policies leading to malaria elimination in Panamá

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Hurtado ◽  
Alberto Cumbrera ◽  
Chystrie Rigg ◽  
Milixa Perea ◽  
Ana María Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
National Malaria Control Programme ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Malaria Control Programme

Abstract Background: The present study provides a countrywide perspective of the malaria situation in Panama over a long-term framework, with the purpose of identifying historical malaria resurgence events and their potential causes. Methods: A descriptive-ecological study was conducted by analyzing demographic and epidemiological annual malaria time series data in Panamá (1884 – 2019) using several data sources. Malaria intensity indicators were calculated during the study period. We also analyze the effects of El Niño Southern Oscillation on malaria transmission using a retrospective analysis of malaria cases between 1957 and 2019. Results: Several factors were identified responsible for malaria resurgence in Panama, mostly related with Malaria Control Programme weakening. During the past 20 years (2000 – 2019) malaria has progressively increased its prevalence within indigenous settlements, with a predominance of male cases and a high proportion (15% of total cases) in children less than 5 years old. During this period a significant and increasing proportion of the P. falciparum total cases were imported. Our retrospective analysis (1957 - 2019) evidenced that ENSO has a significant impact on malaria transmission dynamics in Panama. Conclusions: Data analysis confirmed that although authorities have been successful in focalizing malaria transmission in the country, there are still neglected issues to be solved and important intercultural barriers that need to be addressed in order to achieve elimination of the disease by 2022. This information will be useful for targeting strategies by the National Malaria Control Programme.

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