scholarly journals Pandemic inequalities: emerging infectious diseases and health equity

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Bambra
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Transmission Case ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Inequalities

AbstractThe frequency and scale of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) with pandemic potential has been increasing over the last two decades and, as COVID-19 has shown, such zoonotic spill-over events are an increasing threat to public health globally. There has been considerable research into EIDs – especially in the case of COVID-19. However, most of this has focused on disease emergence, symptom identification, chains of transmission, case prevalence and mortality as well as prevention and treatment. Much less attention has been paid to health equity concerns and the relationship between socio-economic inequalities and the spread, scale and resolution of EID pandemics. This commentary article therefore explores socio-economic inequalities in the nature of EID pandemics. Drawing on three diverse case studies (Zika, Ebola, COVID-19), it hypothesises the four main pathways linking inequality and infectious disease (unequal exposure, unequal transmission, unequal susceptibility, unequal treatment) – setting out a new model for understanding EIDs and health inequalities. It concludes by considering the research directions and policy actions needed to reduce inequalities in future EID outbreaks.

scholarly journals Identifying Hotspots in the Distribution of Human Infectious Diseases Using a Bayesian Framework: A Lead to Drivers, Prevention, and Surveillance of Disease Emergence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soushieta Jagadesh ◽  
Marine Combe ◽  
Mathieu Nacher ◽  
Rodolphe Elie Gozlan
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Ecological Scale ◽  
Presence Data ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Common ◽  
Predictive Risk

Abstract Background The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need of surveillance system to detect threats and regions at high risk from emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). With the human-driven perturbations to the human-animal-pathogen interface at an ecological scale, the integration of these environmental drivers is essential. We propose robust mathematical models to map, detect, and identify significant drivers of EID outbreaks for three viral EID groups: Filoviridae, Coronaviridae, and Henipaviruses.MethodsWe modeled the presence-absence data in a spatially explicit, binomial and zero-inflation binomial (ZIB) logistic regression with and without autoregression (iCAR). The presence data were extracted from WHO and Promed archives for the three EID groups and we generated pseudoabsence points within the spatial distribution of the mammalian reservoirs. Various environmental and demographical raster were used to explain the distribution of EIDs. True Skill Statistic and deviance parameters were used to compare the accuracy of the different models.ResultsWe used hierarchical SDM binomial, ZIB with and without iCAR models to map the predictive risk of viral EIDs. ZIB models with autoregression were found to be near perfect in detecting the distribution of EID outbreaks with 70% of the models explained by environmental and demographic drivers. The common influencing drivers amongst the three groups of EIDs analyzed were climatic covariates minimum temperature and rainfall, and human-driven land modifications.ConclusionsOur study results conclude that using SDMs in a Bayesian structure is near perfect detecting hotspots and significant drivers of EID outbreaks. It also maps the sites needing active surveillance, which essential in epidemic prevention, and highlights the influence of human-driven modifications to environment on disease emergence.

scholarly journals Global Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Nova ◽  
Tejas S Athni ◽  
Marissa L Childs ◽  
Lisa Mandle ◽  
Erin A Mordecai
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Ecology ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Disease Emergence ◽  
Global Movement ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Life On Earth

Our world is undergoing rapid planetary changes driven by human activities, often mediated by economic incentives and resource management, affecting all life on Earth. Concurrently, many infectious diseases have recently emerged or spread into new populations. Mounting evidence suggests that global change-including climate change, land-use change, urbanization, and global movement of individuals, species, and goods-may be accelerating disease emergence by reshaping ecological systems in concert with socioeconomic factors. Here, we review insights, approaches, and mechanisms by which global change drives disease emergence from a disease ecology perspective. We aim to spur more interdisciplinary collaboration with economists and identification of more effective and sustainable interventions to prevent disease emergence. While almost all infectious diseases change in response to global change, the mechanisms and directions of these effects are system specific, requiring new, integrated approaches to disease control that recognize linkages between environmental and economic sustainability, and human and planetary health.

scholarly journals Ecological Factors of Transmission, Persistence and Circulation of Pathogens In Bat Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
S. Zemanová ◽  
Ľ. Korytár ◽  
Z. Benkő ◽  
M. Prokeš ◽  
A. Ondrejková
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ecological Roles ◽  
Viral Communities ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The existence of bats is crucial for all ecosystem units as they fulfil numerous ecological roles. However, they are also considered to be natural reservoirs of a wide range of zoonotic microorganisms, especially viruses. In this review article we briefly summarize current knowledge about various ecological factors that facilitate bat pathogen dispersal and about the current approaches to monitoring viral communities present within bat populations. On the basis of the cited papers, we suggest that the increased focus on complex viral populations in bats and their interactions with other populations and the environment is necessary to fully comprehend the relationship between emerging infectious diseases, the environment and their toll on human health.

scholarly journals Pediatric nurses' grit and nursing intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mediating and moderating effects of mindset and psychological collectivism

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Young Soo Chu ◽  
Won-Oak Oh ◽  
Il Tae Park ◽  
Anna Lee ◽  
Myung-Jin Jung
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Pediatric Nurses ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Critical Situations

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the mediating and moderating effects of mindset and psychological collectivism, respectively, on the relationship between grit and nursing intention for children with emerging infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among pediatric nurses.Methods: We conducted a crosssectional descriptive study with 230 pediatric nurses.Results: Grit directly impacted mindset (β=.27, p<.001) and nursing intention (β=.20, p=.001). The direct effect of mindset on nursing intension (β=.28, p<.001) and the indirect effect of grit on nursing intension via mindset (β=.08, p<.001) were significant. Accordingly, mindset mediated the effect of grit on nursing intention. The effects of grit and psychological collectivism (β=.19, p=.003), respectively, on nursing intention were significant. However, the interaction between grit and psychological collectivism was not significant. Thus, psychological collectivism did not moderate the effect of grit on nursing intention.Conclusion: The findings demonstrate the importance of pediatric nurses' grit and mindset on their intended care for patients in critical situations. Cultivating a gritty culture and developing interventions to enhance nurses' personality traits associated with their performance will be crucial, and such measures are especially salient for pediatric nurses to face the new adjustments required in the era of COVID-19.

scholarly journals How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers

2006 ◽  
Vol 274 (1609) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Wallinga ◽  
M Lipsitch
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Empirical Estimate ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Generation Interval ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interval Distribution

Mathematical models of transmission have become invaluable management tools in planning for the control of emerging infectious diseases. A key variable in such models is the reproductive number R . For new emerging infectious diseases, the value of the reproductive number can only be inferred indirectly from the observed exponential epidemic growth rate r . Such inference is ambiguous as several different equations exist that relate the reproductive number to the growth rate, and it is unclear which of these equations might apply to a new infection. Here, we show that these different equations differ only with respect to their assumed shape of the generation interval distribution. Therefore, the shape of the generation interval distribution determines which equation is appropriate for inferring the reproductive number from the observed growth rate. We show that by assuming all generation intervals to be equal to the mean, we obtain an upper bound to the range of possible values that the reproductive number may attain for a given growth rate. Furthermore, we show that by taking the generation interval distribution equal to the observed distribution, it is possible to obtain an empirical estimate of the reproductive number.

scholarly journals Advancing Global Health Equity in the COVID-19 Response: Beyond Solidarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Global Health Equity ◽  
Economic Inequalities

AbstractIn the coming weeks and months SARS-CoV-2 may ravage countries with weak health systems and populations disproportionately affected by HIV, tuberculosis (TB), and other infectious diseases. Without safeguards and proper attention to global health equity and justice, the effects of this pandemic are likely to exacerbate existing health and socio-economic inequalities. This paper argues that achieving global health equity in the context of COVID-19 will require that notions of reciprocity and relational equity are introduced to the response.

INNOVATION CAPABILITY, ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY AND SMES PERFORMANCE IN PAKISTAN: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF BUSINESS STRATEGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (Number 2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zulqarnain Arshad ◽  
Darwina Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Innovation Capability ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
And Performance ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crucial Part

The small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial part in county’s economic growth and a key contributor in country’s GDP. In Pakistan SMEs hold about 90 percent of the total businesses. The performance of SMEs depends upon many factors. The main aim for the research is to examine the relationship between Innovation Capability, Absorptive Capacity and Performance of SMEs in Pakistan. This conceptual paper also extends to the vague revelation on Business Strategy in which act as a moderator between Innovation Capability, Absorptive Capacity and SMEs Performance. Conclusively, this study proposes a new research directions and hypotheses development to examine the relationship among the variables in Pakistan’s SMEs context.

Evolution, Ayurveda, immunity, and preventive aspects for emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
Dhirajsingh Sumersingh Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Breathing Exercise ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Living Being

Evolution is continuous process of changes in structural and physiological mechanism in living being. Microbes/pathogens can evolve naturally or artificially and become resistant to various medicines. Novel coronavirus is such evolved pathogen of coronavirus group. Enough strong immunity is needed to prevent or survive from COVID-19 pandemic. Ayurveda provides ways for evolving physiological responses to built immunity. Present work is brief attempt to increase insight in this filed.Present review was done based on simple theory of evolution, recent updates regarding prevention of COVID-19, Ayurveda aspect toward infectious diseases and Ayurveda ways towards prevention of infectious diseases with special reference to COVID-19. Person with impaired immunity is more susceptible for COVID-19 and thus immunity is an important preventing factor. Ayurveda Rasayana (rejuvanation) herbs, Yoga exercises, Pranayama (special breathing exercise), daily regimens and personal hygiene guidelines can be helpful strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19.The preventive aspects of pandemic situations are narrated in Ayurveda with enough details. These ways need to be scientifically explored and refined for precision. As prevention is always better than cure hence Ayurveda ways can be considered for future strategies to avoid pandemics such as COVID-19.  There is great need of research on Ayurveda medicines on COVID-19 like diseases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document