scholarly journals Molecular biomarkers in multiple sclerosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjalf Ziemssen ◽  
Katja Akgün ◽  
Wolfgang Brück
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Molecular Biomarkers ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Biomarkers

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory-neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system presenting with significant inter- and intraindividual heterogeneity. However, the application of clinical and imaging biomarkers is currently not able to allow individual characterization and prediction. Complementary, molecular biomarkers which are easily quantifiable come from the areas of immunology and neurobiology due to the causal pathomechanisms and can excellently complement other disease characteristics. Only a few molecular biomarkers have so far been routinely used in clinical practice as their validation and transfer take a long time. This review describes the characteristics that an ideal MS biomarker should have and the challenges of establishing new biomarkers. In addition, clinically relevant and promising biomarkers from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid are presented which are useful for MS diagnosis and prognosis as well as for the assessment of therapy response and side effects.

scholarly journals Potential Biomarkers Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10323
Author(s):  
Deepali Mathur ◽  
Bikash Kumar Mishra ◽  
Soumyashree Rout ◽  
Francisco Jose Lopez-Iranzo ◽  
Gerardo Lopez-Rodas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves an intricate and aberrant interaction of immune cells leading to inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Due to the heterogeneity of clinical subtypes, their diagnosis becomes challenging and the best treatment cannot be easily provided to patients. Biomarkers have been used to simplify the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, as well as to evaluate the results of clinical treatments. In recent years, research on biomarkers has advanced rapidly due to their ability to be easily and promptly measured, their specificity, and their reproducibility. Biomarkers are classified into several categories depending on whether they address personal or predictive susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, disease activity, or response to treatment in different clinical courses of MS. The identified members indicate a variety of pathological processes of MS, such as neuroaxonal damage, gliosis, demyelination, progression of disability, and remyelination, among others. The present review analyzes biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood serum, the most promising imaging biomarkers used in clinical practice. Furthermore, it aims to shed light on the criteria and challenges that a biomarker must face to be considered as a standard in daily clinical practice.

scholarly journals Molecular Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Related Disorders: A Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6020
Author(s):  
Maryam Gul ◽  
Amirhossein Azari Jafari ◽  
Muffaqam Shah ◽  
Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni ◽  
Safee Ullah Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Biomarkers ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Autoimmune Disease

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which can lead to severe disability. Several diseases can mimic the clinical manifestations of MS. This can often lead to a prolonged period that involves numerous tests and investigations before a definitive diagnosis is reached. As well as the possibility of misdiagnosis. Molecular biomarkers can play a unique role in this regard. Molecular biomarkers offer a unique view into the CNS disorders. They help us understand the pathophysiology of disease as well as guiding our diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic approaches in CNS disorders. This review highlights the most prominent molecular biomarkers found in the literature with respect to MS and its related disorders. Based on numerous recent clinical and experimental studies, we demonstrate that several molecular biomarkers could very well aid us in differentiating MS from its related disorders. The implications of this work will hopefully serve clinicians and researchers alike, who regularly deal with MS and its related disorders.

First Presentation of an Acquired Demyelinating Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
Rachel Gottlieb-Smith ◽  
Amy Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractAcquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) present with acute or subacute monofocal or polyfocal neurologic deficits localizing to the central nervous system. The clinical features of distinct ADS have been carefully characterized including optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. These disorders may all be monophasic disorders. Alternatively, optic neuritis, partial transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis may be first presentations of a relapsing or polyphasic neuroinflammatory disorder, such as multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica. The clinical features of these disorders and the differential diagnosis are discussed in this article.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-709
Author(s):  
John C. Gall ◽  
Alvin B. Hayles ◽  
Robert G. Siekert ◽  
Haddow M. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mayo Clinic ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Neurologic Deficits ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Physical Findings

Forty cases of disease of the central nervous system, characterized by several episodes and disseminated lesions, with onset in childhood and clinically typical of multiple sclerosis, were studied. The disease as it occurs in children does not appear to differ clinically from the disease as observed in adults, in respect to mode of onset, symptoms, physical findings, and changes in the spinal fluid. In the Mayo Clinic series, however, almost twice as many girls as boys were affected. A pediatrician confronted with a child showing evidence of scattered neurologic deficits that remit, particularly a disturbance of vision and co-ordination, should consider the possibility of multiple sclerosis.

Recurrent ataxia and dysarthria in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e245341
Author(s):  
Uddalak Chakraborty ◽  
Shrestha Ghosh ◽  
Amlan Kusum Datta ◽  
Atanu Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Male Patient ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Aquaporin 4 ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Neurological Presentation ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders

The spectrum of central nervous system demyelinating disorders is vast and heterogeneous and, often, with overlapping clinical presentations. Misdiagnosis might occur in some cases with serious therapeutic repercussions. However, introduction of several new biomarkers such as aquaporin-4 IgG and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG has made distinction between diseases such as multiple sclerosis and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder easier. Here, we report a case of a 15-year-old male patient with subacute multifocal neurological presentation without encephalopathy, eventually diagnosed as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder.

AIM2 inflammasome activation in astrocytes occurs during the late phase of EAE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Barclay ◽  
M. Elizabeth Deerhake ◽  
Makoto Inoue ◽  
Toshiaki Nonaka ◽  
Kengo Nozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

ABSTRACTInflammasomes are a class of innate immune signaling platforms that activate in response to an array of cellular damage and pathogens. Inflammasomes promote inflammation under many circumstances to enhance immunity against pathogens and inflammatory responses through their effector cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. Multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are such autoimmune conditions influenced by inflammasomes. Despite work investigating inflammasomes during EAE, little remains known concerning the role of inflammasomes in the central nervous system (CNS) during the disease. Here we use multiple genetically modified mouse models to monitor activated inflammasomes in situ based on ASC oligomerization in the spinal cord. Using inflammasome reporter mice, we found heightened inflammasome activation in astrocytes after the disease peak. In contrast, microglia and CNS-infiltrated myeloid cells had few activated inflammasomes in the CNS during EAE. Astrocyte inflammasome activation was dependent on AIM2, but low IL-1β expression and no significant signs of cell death were found in astrocytes during EAE. Thus, the AIM2 inflammasome activation in astrocytes may have a distinct role from traditional inflammasome-mediated inflammation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTInflammasome activation in the peripheral immune system is pathogenic in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, inflammasome activity in the central nervous system (CNS) is largely unexplored. Here, we used genetically modified mice to determine inflammasome activation in the CNS during EAE. Our data indicated heightened AIM2 inflammasome activation in astrocytes after the disease peak. Unexpectedly, neither CNS-infiltrated myeloid cells nor microglia were the primary cells with activated inflammasomes in SC during EAE. Despite AIM2 inflammasome activation, astrocytes did not undergo apparent cell death and produced little of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, during EAE. This study showed that CNS inflammasome activation occurs during EAE without associating with IL-1β-mediated inflammation.

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