scholarly journals Development of the child’s ego strength scale: an observation-based assessment of the board game behaviors in play therapy in Korea

Author(s):  
Ji Yoen Lee ◽  
Young-ae Lee ◽  
Mee Sook Yoo

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for assessing children’s ego strength through the observation of children playing board games in a therapeutic setting. Because ego strength is an index of psychosocial health, it is important to assess ego strength in childhood. In particular, children aged 7 to 9 exhibit their ego-strength characteristics in a situation challenged by self-competence due to their latency period. Therapists can identify such ego strength through game behaviors of children aged 7 to 9 in the play therapy setting. Thus, it is needed to develop a scale by selecting game play behaviors that grasp ego-strength. Method Data were collected from 127 play therapists and play therapist-supervisors, who observed 468 play therapy sessions and 55 children aged 7–9 who received play therapy in Korea. The scale was created through content validity verification, factor analysis and verification of criterion-related validity. Results We generated a Child’s Ego Strength Scale (CESS) consisting of five sub-factors (Coping Strategy, Cognitive Strategy, Ego Restriction, Interpersonal Functioning, Frustration Tolerance) through exploratory factor analysis. The scale met the goodness of fit criteria in a confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis of therapy sessions of children with strong and weak ego strength, as identified by play therapists, showed a significant difference between the two groups in all five sub-variables. There was a significant correlation between the CESS scores and scores of ego strength-related variables of the Rorschach scale, indicating good criterion-related validity. Conclusion The CESS appears to be a practical method for the assessment of ego strength in the field of child counseling.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Yoen Lee ◽  
Young-ae Lee ◽  
Mee Sook Yoo

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for assessing children’s ego strength through the observation of children playing board games in a therapeutic setting. Because ego strength is an index of psychosocial health, it is important to assess ego strength in childhood. In particular, children aged 7 to 9 exhibit their ego-strength characteristics in a situation challenged by self-competence due to their latency period. Therapists can identify such ego strength through game behaviors of children aged 7 to 9 in the play therapy setting. Thus, it is needed to develop a scale by selecting game play behaviors that grasp ego-strength.Method: Data were collected from 127 play therapists and play therapist-supervisors, who observed 468 play therapy sessions and 55 children aged 7-9 who received play therapy in Korea. The scale was created through content validity verification, factor analysis and verification of criterion-related validity. Results: We generated a Child’s Ego Strength Scale (CESS) consisting of five sub-factors (Coping Strategy, Cognitive Strategy, Ego Restriction, Interpersonal Functioning, Frustration Tolerance) through exploratory factor analysis. The scale met the goodness of fit criteria in a confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis of therapy sessions of children with strong and weak ego strength, as identified by play therapists, showed a significant difference between the two groups in all five sub-variables. There was a significant correlation between the CESS scores and scores of ego strength-related variables of the Rorschach scale, indicating good criterion-related validity. Conclusion: The CESS appears to be a practical method for the assessment of ego strength in the field of child counseling.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Yoen Lee ◽  
Young-ae Lee ◽  
Mee Sook Yoo

Abstract BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to develop a scale for assessing children’s ego strength through the observation of children playing board games in a therapeutic setting. To assess the ego strength of children in this developmental stage, it is necessary to observe their attitudes during game play therapy, which is the most comfortable psychotherapy technique for children at this developmental stageMethodData were collected from 127 play therapists and play therapist-supervisors, who observed 55 children aged 7–9 who received play therapy in Korea. The scale was created through factor analysis and verification of criterion-related validity.ResultsWe generated a Child’s Ego Strength Scale (CESS) consisting of five sub-factors (Coping Strategy, Cognitive Strategy, Ego Restriction, Interpersonal Functioning, Frustration Tolerance) through exploratory factor analysis. The scale met the goodness of fit criteria in a confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis of therapy sessions of children with strong and weak ego strength, as identified by play therapists, showed a significant difference between the two groups in all five sub-variables. There was a significant correlation between the CESS scores and scores of ego strength-related variables of the Rorschach scale, indicating good criterion-related validity.ConclusionThe CESS appears to be a practical method for the assessment of ego strength in the field of child counseling.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
Özge Erduran-Tekin ◽  
Halil Ekşi

The purpose of this study is to adapt the Scale for Spiritual Intelligence Scale developed by Kumar and Mehta (2011) into Turkish and to examine its reliability and validity. Data have been collected from four different study groups involving a total of 1,098 high school students (440 females and 658 males). In Turkey, the exploratory factor analysis of the Scale for Spiritual Intelligence’s original structure, which consists of six factors, only appears to have occurred in four cases. The goodness-of-fit statistics obtained as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis performed on one sample using this structure are X2 = 335.17, SD = 145 (X2 / SD = 2.33), RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.049, GFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.90, AGFI = 0.91. Whether or not a statistically significant difference exists in the scores for the lower and upper 27th-percentile groups was examined in order to look at the discriminators of the scale; a statistically significant difference has been detected in favor of the upper segment. As a result of the criterion validity study, a significant positive correlation has been found between the Scale for Spiritual Intelligence and the Meaning in Life Scale (Demirbaş, 2010). According to the obtained linguistic equivalence results, the Turkish form of the scale is seen to be equivalent to the original English form. Cronbach’s alphas of internal consistency and reliability were calculated as .86 and .85 for both samples. Research results reveal the Turkish form of Scale for Spiritual Intelligence to be a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in scientific studies to be carried out in Turkey.


GeroPsych ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence M. Solberg ◽  
Lauren B. Solberg ◽  
Emily N. Peterson

Stress in caregivers may affect the healthcare recipients receive. We examined the impact of stress experienced by 45 adult caregivers of their elderly demented parents. The participants completed a 32-item questionnaire about the impact of experienced stress. The questionnaire also asked about interventions that might help to reduce the impact of stress. After exploratory factor analysis, we reduced the 32-item questionnaire to 13 items. Results indicated that caregivers experienced stress, anxiety, and sadness. Also, emotional, but not financial or professional, well-being was significantly impacted. There was no significant difference between the impact of caregiver stress on members from the sandwich generation and those from the nonsandwich generation. Meeting with a social worker for resource availability was identified most frequently as a potentially helpful intervention for coping with the impact of stress.


2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-243
Author(s):  
Roberto Nuevo ◽  
Andrés Losada ◽  
María Márquez-González ◽  
Cecilia Peñacoba

The Worry Domains Questionnaire was proposed as a measure of both pathological and nonpathological worry, and assesses the frequency of worrying about five different domains: relationships, lack of confidence, aimless future, work, and financial. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the long and short forms of the WDQ (WDQ and WDQ-SF, respectively) through confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 262 students (M age = 21.8; SD = 2.6; 86.3% females). While the goodness-of-fit indices did not provide support for the WDQ, good fit indices were found for the WDQ-SF. Furthermore, no source of misspecification was identified, thus, supporting the factorial validity of the WDQ-SF scale. Significant positive correlations between the WDQ-SF and its subscales with worry (PSWQ), anxiety (STAI-T), and depression (BDI) were found. The internal consistency was good for the total scale and for the subscales. This work provides support for the use of the WDQ-SF, and potential uses for research and clinical purposes are discussed.


1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (4_Suppla) ◽  
pp. S23-S35
Author(s):  
B.-A. Lamberg ◽  
O. P. Heinonen ◽  
K. Liewendahl ◽  
G. Kvist ◽  
M. Viherkoski ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT The distributions of 13 variables based on 10 laboratory tests measuring thyroid function were studied in euthyroid controls and in patients with toxic diffuse or toxic multinodular goitre. Density functions were fitted to the empirical data and the goodness of fit was evaluated by the use of the χ2-test. In a few instances there was a significant difference but the material available was in some respects too small to allow a very accurate estimation. The normal limits for each variable was defined by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. It appears that in some instances these limits are too rigorous from the practical point of view. It is emphasized that the crossing point of the functions for euthyroid controls and hyperthyroid patients may be a better limit to use. In a preliminary analysis of the diagnostic efficiency the variables of total or free hormone concentration in the blood proved clearily superior to all other variables.


SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A201-A202
Author(s):  
Kristina Puzino ◽  
Susan Calhoun ◽  
Allison Harvey ◽  
Julio Fernandez-Mendoza

Abstract Introduction The Sleep Inertia Questionnaire (SIQ) was developed and validated in patients with mood disorders to evaluate difficulties with becoming fully awake after nighttime sleep or daytime naps in a multidimensional manner. However, few data are available regarding its psychometric properties in clinical samples with sleep disorders. Methods 211 patients (43.0±16.4 years old, 68% female, 17% minority) evaluated at the Behavioral Sleep Medicine (BSM) program of Penn State Health Sleep Research & Treatment Center completed the SIQ. All patients were diagnosed using ICSD-3 criteria, with 111 receiving a diagnosis of chronic insomnia disorder (CID), 48 of a central disorder of hypersomnolence (CDH), and 52 of other sleep disorders (OSD). Structural equation modelling was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the SIQ. Results CFA supported four SIQ dimensions of “physiological”, “cognitive”, “emotional” and “response to” (RSI) sleep inertia with adequate goodness-of-fit (TLI=0.90, CFI=0.91, GFI=0.85, RMSEA=0.08). Internal consistency was high (α=0.94), including that of its dimensions (physiological α=0.89, cognitive α=0.94, emotional α=0.67, RSI α=0.78). Dimension inter-correlations were moderate to high (r=0.42–0.93, p<0.01), indicating good construct validity. Convergent validity showed moderate correlations with Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) scores (r=0.38) and large correlations with Flinders fatigue scale (FFS) scores (r=0.65). Criterion validity showed significantly (p<0.01) higher scores in subjects with CDH (69.0±16.6) as compared to those with CID (54.4±18.3) or OSD (58.5±20.0). A SIQ cut-off score ≥57.5 provided a sensitivity/specificity of 0.77/0.65, while a cut-off score ≥61.5 provided a sensitivity/specificity of 0.71/0.70 to identify CDH vs. ESS<10 (AUC=0.76). Conclusion The SIQ shows satisfactory indices of reliability and construct validity in a clinically-diverse sleep disorders sample. Its criterion validity is supported by its divergent association with hypersomnia vs. insomnia disorders, as well as its adequate sensitivity/specificity to identify patients with CDH. The SIQ can help clinicians easily assess the complex dimensionality of sleep inertia and target behavioral sleep treatments. Future studies should confirm the best SIQ cut-off score by including good sleeping controls, while clinical studies should determine its minimal clinically important difference after pharmacological or behavioral treatments. Support (if any):


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayssoon Dashash ◽  
Mounzer Boubou

Abstract Background Health professionals should have certain degree of empathy to eliminate the pain and suffering of their patients. There is a need to design a scale, which can assess empathy among health professionals and is relevant to community and culture. Therefore, this study was undertaken to measure the empathy among Syrian health professionals and students of health professions using a newly designed Syrian Empathy Scale that is relevant to community during Syrian crisis. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken. A total of 214 participants (118 males and 96 females) responded to the Syrian Empathy Scale SES from Medical (n = 62), Dental (n = 152). They were 59 undergraduates, 116 postgraduates and 39 general practitioners. The SES was designed as a tool that includes 20 items in a 7-point Likert-type scale with overall score ranges from 20 to 140. Group comparisons of the empathy scores were conducted using t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A factor analysis was performed. Bartlett’s test of the sphericity and the KMO measure of sampling adequacy were also determined. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated. Results A significant difference was found between males and females in the SES mean score. The ANOVA analysis showed that the SES empathy scores of dentists were higher than the SES empathy scores in medical doctors with no significant difference. The SES empathy score of undergraduates was significantly higher than postgraduates and practitioners. Findings of KMO indicated sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.824 > 0.7) and the value of Bartlett’s test of the sphericity (1255.65, df = 190, P-value< 0.001) proved that the factor analysis is meaningful and acceptable. The results of varimax rotation proved that five main factors were retained. Conclusion Findings of this study support the reliability of the newly designed Syrian Empathy Scale for measuring empathy in the field of health care. The SES can be suggested for assessing empathy in different health educational programs. However, future works are still essential to support the validity of the scale as well as to ascertain the role of empathy in improving health care.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Riitta Suhonen ◽  
Katja Lahtinen ◽  
Minna Stolt ◽  
Miko Pasanen ◽  
Terhi Lemetti

Patient-centredness in care is a core healthcare value and an effective healthcare delivery design requiring specific nurse competences. The aim of this study was to assess (1) the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Finnish version of the Patient-centred Care Competency (PCC) scale and (2) Finnish nurses’ self-assessed level of patient-centred care competency. The PCC was translated to Finnish (PCC-Fin) before data collection and analyses: descriptive statistics; Cronbach’s alpha coefficients; item analysis; exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; inter-scale correlational analysis; and sensitivity. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were acceptable, high for the total scale, and satisfactory for the four sub-scales. Item analysis supported the internal homogeneity of the items-to-total and inter-items within the sub-scales. Explorative factor analysis suggested a three-factor solution, but the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the four-factor structure (Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) 0.92, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) 0.99, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) 0.065, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 0.045) with 61.2% explained variance. Analysis of the secondary data detected no differences in nurses’ self-evaluations of contextual competence, so the inter-scale correlations were high. The PCC-Fin was found to be a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of nurses’ patient-centred care competence. Rasch model analysis would provide some further information about the item level functioning within the instrument.


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