Advances in understanding the cell types and approaches used for generating induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a self-renewable pool of cells derived from an organism’s somatic cells. These can then be programmed to other cell types, including neurons. Use of iPSCs in research has been two-fold as they have been used for human disease modelling as well as for the possibility to generate new therapies. Particularly in complex human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, iPSCs can give advantages over traditional animal models in that they more accurately represent the human genome. Additionally, patient-derived cells can be modified using gene editing technology and further transplanted to the brain. Glial cells have recently become important avenues of research in the field of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This review focuses on using glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) derived from human iPSCs in order to give a better understanding of how these cells contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology. Using glia iPSCs in in vitro cell culture, cerebral organoids, and intracranial transplantation may give us future insight into both more accurate models and disease-modifying therapies.

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A non-invasive method to generate induced pluripotent stem cells from primate urine

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82883-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Johanna Geuder ◽

Lucas E. Wange ◽

Aleksandar Janjic ◽

Jessica Radmer ◽

Philipp Janssen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Sendai Virus ◽

Cell Types ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Comparative Approach ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Human Ipscs ◽

Induced Pluripotent

AbstractComparing the molecular and cellular properties among primates is crucial to better understand human evolution and biology. However, it is difficult or ethically impossible to collect matched tissues from many primates, especially during development. An alternative is to model different cell types and their development using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These can be generated from many tissue sources, but non-invasive sampling would decisively broaden the spectrum of non-human primates that can be investigated. Here, we report the generation of primate iPSCs from urine samples. We first validate and optimize the procedure using human urine samples and show that suspension- Sendai Virus transduction of reprogramming factors into urinary cells efficiently generates integration-free iPSCs, which maintain their pluripotency under feeder-free culture conditions. We demonstrate that this method is also applicable to gorilla and orangutan urinary cells isolated from a non-sterile zoo floor. We characterize the urinary cells, iPSCs and derived neural progenitor cells using karyotyping, immunohistochemistry, differentiation assays and RNA-sequencing. We show that the urine-derived human iPSCs are indistinguishable from well characterized PBMC-derived human iPSCs and that the gorilla and orangutan iPSCs are well comparable to the human iPSCs. In summary, this study introduces a novel and efficient approach to non-invasively generate iPSCs from primate urine. This will extend the zoo of species available for a comparative approach to molecular and cellular phenotypes.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Vascular Research: from Two- to Three-Dimensional Organoids

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports ◽

10.1007/s12015-021-10149-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anja Trillhaase ◽

Marlon Maertens ◽

Zouhair Aherrahrou ◽

Jeanette Erdmann

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell Research ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Cell Types ◽

3D Models ◽

Induced Pluripotent

AbstractStem cell technology has been around for almost 30 years and in that time has grown into an enormous field. The stem cell technique progressed from the first successful isolation of mammalian embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the 1990s, to the production of human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the early 2000s, to finally culminate in the differentiation of pluripotent cells into highly specialized cell types, such as neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and lung and intestinal cells, in the last decades. In recent times, we have attained a new height in stem cell research whereby we can produce 3D organoids derived from stem cells that more accurately mimic the in vivo environment. This review summarizes the development of stem cell research in the context of vascular research ranging from differentiation techniques of ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the generation of vascularized 3D organoids. Furthermore, the different techniques are critically reviewed, and future applications of current 3D models are reported. Graphical abstract

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Potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from blood and other postnatal cell types

Regenerative Medicine ◽

10.2217/rme.10.38 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 521-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Zhaohui Ye ◽

Linzhao Cheng

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Induced Pluripotent

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Alterations of Glycosphingolipid Glycans and Chondrogenic Markers during Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Chondrocytes

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10121622 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1622

Author(s):

Liang Xu ◽

Hisatoshi Hanamatsu ◽

Kentaro Homan ◽

Tomohiro Onodera ◽

Takuji Miyazaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Chondrogenic Differentiation ◽

Cell Types ◽

Human Cartilage ◽

Human Ipscs ◽

Normal Human ◽

Induced Pluripotent ◽

Promising Source

Due to the limited intrinsic healing potential of cartilage, injury to this tissue may lead to osteoarthritis. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be differentiated into chondrocytes, are a promising source of cells for cartilage regenerative therapy. Currently, however, the methods for evaluating chondrogenic differentiation of iPSCs are very limited; the main techniques are based on the detection of chondrogenic genes and histological analysis of the extracellular matrix. The cell surface is coated with glycocalyx, a layer of glycoconjugates including glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and glycoproteins. The glycans in glycoconjugates play important roles in biological events, and their expression and structure vary widely depending on cell types and conditions. In this study, we performed a quantitative GSL-glycan analysis of human iPSCs, iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cell like cells (iPS-MSC like cells), iPS-MSC-derived chondrocytes (iPS-MSC-CDs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and BMSC-derived chondrocytes (BMSC-CDs) using glycoblotting technology. We found that GSL-glycan profiles differed among cell types, and that the GSL-glycome underwent a characteristic alteration during the process of chondrogenic differentiation. Furthermore, we analyzed the GSL-glycome of normal human cartilage and found that it was quite similar to that of iPS-MSC-CDs. This is the first study to evaluate GSL-glycan structures on human iPS-derived cartilaginous particles under micromass culture conditions and those of normal human cartilage. Our results indicate that GSL-glycome analysis is useful for evaluating target cell differentiation and can thus support safe regenerative medicine.

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Development of a Personalized Intestinal Fibrosis Model Using Human Intestinal Organoids Derived From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

10.1093/ibd/izab292 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hannah Q Estrada ◽

Shachi Patel ◽

Shervin Rabizadeh ◽

David Casero ◽

Stephan R Targan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Rna Sequencing ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Mesenchymal Cells ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Intestinal Fibrosis ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Abstract Background Intestinal fibrosis is a serious complication of Crohn’s disease. Numerous cell types including intestinal epithelial and mesenchymal cells are implicated in this process, yet studies are hampered by the lack of personalized in vitro models. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) contain these cell types, and our goal was to determine the feasibility of utilizing these to develop a personalized intestinal fibrosis model. Methods iPSCs from 2 control individuals and 2 very early onset inflammatory bowel disease patients with stricturing complications were obtained and directed to form HIOs. Purified populations of epithelial and mesenchymal cells were derived from HIOs, and both types were treated with the profibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA sequencing analysis were used to assay their responses. Results In iPSC-derived mesenchymal cells, there was a significant increase in the expression of profibrotic genes (Col1a1, Col5a1, and TIMP1) in response to TGFβ. RNA sequencing analysis identified further profibrotic genes and demonstrated differential responses to this cytokine in each of the 4 lines. Increases in profibrotic gene expression (Col1a1, FN, TIMP1) along with genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (vimentin and N-cadherin) were observed in TGFβ -treated epithelial cells. Conclusions We demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing iPSC-HIO technology to model intestinal fibrotic responses in vitro. This now permits the generation of near unlimited quantities of patient-specific cells that could be used to reveal cell- and environmental-specific mechanisms underpinning intestinal fibrosis.

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Generation of Sheep Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells With Defined DOX-Inducible Transcription Factors via piggyBac Transposition

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology ◽

10.3389/fcell.2021.785055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Moning Liu ◽

Lixia Zhao ◽

Zixin Wang ◽

Hong Su ◽

Tong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Cell Types ◽

T Antigen ◽

Sv40 Large T Antigen ◽

Adult Individual ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the potential to differentiate to all cell types of an adult individual and are useful for studying mammalian development. Establishing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) capable of expressing pluripotent genes and differentiating to three germ layers will not only help to explain the mechanisms underlying somatic reprogramming but also lay the foundation for the establishment of sheep embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro. In this study, sheep somatic cells were reprogrammed in vitro into sheep iPSCs with stable morphology, pluripotent marker expression, and differentiation ability, delivered by piggyBac transposon system with eight doxycycline (DOX)-inducible exogenous reprogramming factors: bovine OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, porcine NANOG, human LIN28, SV40 large T antigen, and human TERT. Sheep iPSCs exhibited a chimeric contribution to the early blastocysts of sheep and mice and E6.5 mouse embryos in vitro. A transcriptome analysis revealed the pluripotent characteristics of somatic reprogramming and insights into sheep iPSCs. This study provides an ideal experimental material for further study of the construction of totipotent ESCs in sheep.

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High-Yield Monocyte, Macrophage, and Dendritic Cell Differentiation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

10.1101/2021.04.29.441947 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lucas H. Armitage ◽

Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei ◽

Amy Meacham ◽

Edward J. Butfiloski ◽

Ryan Viola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

High Yield ◽

Hemogenic Endothelium ◽

Dendritic Cell Differentiation ◽

Immune Therapies ◽

Induced Pluripotent

SummaryDifferentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) represents a powerful tool for studying human innate immunology and developing novel iPSC-derived immune therapies. Challenges include inefficiencies in iPSC-derived cell cultures, labor-intensive culture conditions, low purity of desired cell types, and feeder cell requirements. Here, a highly efficient method for differentiating monocytes, MDMs, and moDCs that overcomes these challenges is described. The process utilizes commercially-available materials to derive CD34+ progenitor cells that are apically released from a hemogenic endothelium. Subsequently, the hemogenic endothelium gives rise to highly pure (>95%), CD34-CD14+ monocytes in 19-23 days and yields 13.5-fold more monocytes by day 35 when compared to previous methods. These iPSC-monocytes are analogous to human blood-derived monocytes and readily differentiate into MDM and moDC. The efficient workflow and increase in monocyte output heightens feasibility for high throughput studies and enables clinical-scale iPSC-derived manufacturing processes.

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Proteomics in the World of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8070703 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 703 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rafael Soares Lindoso ◽

Tais H. Kasai-Brunswick ◽

Gustavo Monnerat Cahli ◽

Federica Collino ◽

Adriana Bastos Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Sciences ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Cell Function ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Cell Types ◽

Molecular Signaling ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Omics approaches have significantly impacted knowledge about molecular signaling pathways driving cell function. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have revolutionized the field of biological sciences and proteomics and, in particular, has been instrumental in identifying key elements operating during the maintenance of the pluripotent state and the differentiation process to the diverse cell types that form organisms. This review covers the evolution of conceptual and methodological strategies in proteomics; briefly describes the generation of iPSC from a historical perspective, the state-of-the-art of iPSC-based proteomics; and compares data on the proteome and transcriptome of iPSC to that of embryonic stem cells (ESC). Finally, proteomics of healthy and diseased cells and organoids differentiated from iPSC are analyzed.

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