scholarly journals Dexosomes as a cell-free vaccine for cancer immunotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Nikfarjam ◽  
Jafar Rezaie ◽  
Fatah Kashanchi ◽  
Reza Jafari
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Costimulatory Molecule ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Mhc I ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) secrete vast quantities of exosomes termed as dexosomes. Dexosomes are symmetric nanoscale heat-stable vesicles that consist of a lipid bilayer displaying a characteristic series of lipid and protein molecules. They include tetraspanins and all established proteins for presenting antigenic material such as the major histocompatibility complex class I/II (MHC I/II) and CD1a, b, c, d proteins and CD86 costimulatory molecule. Dexosomes contribute to antigen-specific cellular immune responses by incorporating the MHC proteins with antigen molecules and transferring the antigen-MHC complexes and other associated molecules to naïve DCs. A variety of ex vivo and in vivo studies demonstrated that antigen-loaded dexosomes were able to initiate potent antitumor immunity. Human dexosomes can be easily prepared using monocyte-derived DCs isolated by leukapheresis of peripheral blood and treated ex vivo by cytokines and other factors. The feasibility of implementing dexosomes as therapeutic antitumor vaccines has been verified in two phase I and one phase II clinical trials in malignant melanoma and non small cell lung carcinoma patients. These studies proved the safety of dexosome administration and showed that dexosome vaccines have the capacity to trigger both the adaptive (T lymphocytes) and the innate (natural killer cells) immune cell recalls. In the current review, we will focus on the perspective of utilizing dexosome vaccines in the context of cancer immunotherapy.

The Palouse Trial: Pathological Comparison Between in Vivo Lobectomy with Ex Vivo Segmentectomy for Clinically-Staged T1 And T2 Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. e158
Author(s):  
Michiel Ijsseldijk ◽  
Richard ten Broek ◽  
Bas Wiering ◽  
Ton van Engelenburg ◽  
Wout Barendregt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
T1 And T2

scholarly journals Discovery of Isoplumbagin as a Novel NQO1 Substrate and Anti-Cancer Quinone

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4378
Author(s):  
Yen-Chi Tsao ◽  
Yu-Jung Chang ◽  
Chun-Hsien Wang ◽  
Linyi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Boyden Chamber ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma

Isoplumbagin (5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a naturally occurring quinone from Lawsonia inermis and Plumbago europaea, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Inflammation has long been implicated in cancer progression. In this study, we examined the anticancer effect of chemically synthesized isoplumbagin. Our results revealed that isoplumbagin treatment suppressed cell viability and invasion of highly invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) OC3-IV2 cells, glioblastoma U87 cells, non-small cell lung carcinoma H1299 cells, prostate cancer PC3 cells, and cervical cancer HeLa cells by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Boyden chamber assays. In vivo studies demonstrate the inhibitory effect of 2 mg/kg isoplumbagin on the growth of orthotopic xenograft tumors derived from OSCC cells. Mechanistically, isoplumbagin exerts its cytotoxic effect through acting as a substrate of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) to generate hydroquinone, which reverses mitochondrial fission phenotype, reduces mitochondrial complex IV activity, and thus compromises mitochondrial function. Collectively, this work reveals an anticancer activity of isoplumbagin mainly through modulating mitochondrial dynamics and function.

scholarly journals Optimization and Characterization of Protein Nanoparticles for the Targeted and Smart Delivery of Cytochrome c to Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215
Author(s):  
Vanessa Barcelo-Bovea ◽  
Irivette Dominguez-Martinez ◽  
Freisa Joaquin-Ovalle ◽  
Luis A. Amador ◽  
Elizabeth Castro-Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Cyt C ◽  
Poly Ethylene

The delivery of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) to the cytosol stimulates apoptosis in cells where its release from mitochondria and apoptotic induction is inhibited. We developed a drug delivery system consisting of Cyt c nanoparticles decorated with folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-thiol (FA-PEG-PLGA-SH) to deliver Cyt c into cancer cells and tested their targeting in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) mouse model. Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) of 253 ± 55 and 354 ± 11 nm were obtained by Cyt c nanoprecipitation, followed by surface decoration with the co-polymer SH-PLGA-PEG-FA. The internalization of Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) in LLC cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. NP caspase activation was more efficient than the NP-free formulation. Caspase activity assays showed NPs retained 88–96% Cyt c activity. The NP formulations were more effective in decreasing LLC cell viability than NP-free formulation, with IC50 49.2 to 70.1 μg/mL versus 129.5 μg/mL, respectively. Our NP system proved to be thrice as selective towards cancerous than normal cells. In vivo studies using near infrared-tagged nanoparticles show accumulation in mouse LLC tumor 5 min post-injection. In conclusion, our NP delivery system for Cyt c shows superiority over the NP-free formulation and reaches a folic acid-overexpressing tumor in an immune-competent animal model.

scholarly journals Optimization and Characterization of Protein Nanoparticles for the Targeted and Smart Delivery of Cytochrome c to Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Barcelo-Bovea ◽  
Irivette Dominguez-Martinez ◽  
Freisa Joaquin-Ovalle ◽  
Luis A. Amador ◽  
Elizabeth Castro-Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Cyt C ◽  
Surface Decoration ◽  
Poly Ethylene

The delivery of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) to the cytosol stimulates apoptosis in cells were its release from mitochondria and apoptosis induction is inhibited. We developed a drug delivery system consisting of Cyt c nanoparticles decorated with folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-thiol (FA-PEG-PLGA-SH) to deliver Cyt c into cancer cells and test their targeting in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) mouse model. Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) of 253 ± 55 and 354 ± 11 nm were obtained by Cyt c nanoprecipitation, followed by surface decoration with the co-polymer SH-PLGA-PEG-FA, and compared to a nanoparticle-free formulation. Overexpression of FA in LLC cells and internalization of Cyt c-PLGA-PEG-FA nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Caspase activation assays show NPs retain 88-96% Cyt c activity. The NP formulations were more efficient in decreasing LLC cell viability than the NP-free formulation, with IC50: 49.2 to 70.1 μg/ml versus 129.5 μg/ml, respectively. Our NP system is thrice as selective towards cancerous than normal cells. In-vivo studies using tagged nanoparticles show accumulation in mouse LLC tumor 5 min post-injection. In conclusion, our NP delivery system for Cyt c shows superiority over the NP-free formulation and reaches a folic acid-overexpressing tumor in an immune-competent animal model.

scholarly journals The proteasome regulator PSME4 drives immune evasion and abrogates anti-tumor immunity in NSCLC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Javitt ◽  
Merav D. Shmueli ◽  
Matthias P. Kramer ◽  
Aleksandra A. Kolodziejczyk ◽  
Ivan J. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Inflammation

Protein degradation by proteasomes is important for the immune response against tumors. Antigens generated by the proteasome promote immune cell infiltration into tumors and improve tumor response to immunotherapy. For example, immunoproteasomes – a subset of proteasomes induced by inflammatory signals – may improve the response of melanomas to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) by eliciting tumor inflammation. Yet, it is unclear whether and how protein degradation by proteasomes impacts cancer progression and contributes to immune evasion and resistance. Here, we profile the proteasome-cleaved peptides in lung cancers and find that PSME4 serves as a novel inhibitory regulator of the immunoproteasome, playing an anti-inflammatory role in cancer. Biochemical assays combined with scRNA-seq, immunopeptidomics and in vivo analyses demonstrate that PSME4 promotes an immunosuppressive environment around the tumor and abrogates anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting antigen presentation and attenuating tumor inflammation. Furthermore, we find that PSME4 expression is correlated with responsiveness to ICI across several cancer types. Our findings suggest that PSME4-mediated regulation of proteasome activity is a novel mechanism of immune evasion in non-small-cell lung carcinoma and may be targeted therapeutically for restoring anti-tumor immunity.

Effects of Sclareol Against Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and the Related Mechanism: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 4947-4960
Author(s):  
HSIANG LAI CHEN ◽  
JINY YIN GONG ◽  
SHIH-CHAO LIN ◽  
SHIMING LI ◽  
YU-CHIH CHIANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma

scholarly journals Embryonic-Derived Myb− Macrophages Enhance Bacterial Clearance and Improve Survival in Rat Sepsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3190
Author(s):  
Mirjana Jerkic ◽  
Michael L. Litvack ◽  
Stéphane Gagnon ◽  
Gail Otulakowski ◽  
Haibo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Macrophage ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Sepsis Severity ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis

Peritoneal resident macrophages play a key role in combating sepsis in the peritoneal cavity. We sought to determine if peritoneal transplantation of embryonic Myb− “peritoneal-like” macrophages attenuate abdominal fecal sepsis. Directed differentiation of rodent pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) was used in factor-defined media to produce embryonic-derived large “peritoneal-like” macrophages (Ed-LPM) that expressed peritoneal macrophage markers and demonstrated phagocytic capacity. Preclinical in vivo studies determined Ed-LPM efficacy in rodent abdominal fecal sepsis with or without Meropenem. Ex vivo studies explored the mechanism and effects of Ed-LPM on host immune cell number and function, including phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, efferocytosis and apoptosis. Ed-LPM reduced sepsis severity by decreasing bacterial load in the liver, spleen and lungs. Ed-LPM therapy significantly improved animal survival by ~30% and reduced systemic bacterial burden to levels comparable to Meropenem therapy. Ed-LPM therapy decreased peritoneal TNFα while increasing IL-10 concentrations. Ed-LPMs enhanced peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria, increased macrophage production of ROS and restored homeostasis via apoptosis and efferocytosis-induced clearance of neutrophils. In conclusion, Ed-LPM reduced systemic sepsis severity, improved survival and reduced bacterial load by enhancing peritoneal macrophage bacterial phagocytosis and killing and clearance of intra-peritoneal neutrophils. Macrophage therapy may be a potential strategy to address sepsis.

Ex Vivo Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation in Patients with Severe Limb Arteriopathy Treated with BAY U3405, a Specific IX A2 Receptor Antagonist

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (05) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Bellucci ◽  
W Kedra ◽  
H Groussin ◽  
N Jaillet ◽  
P Molho-Sabatier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Peripheral Blood Flow ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Platelet Factor

SummaryA double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study with BAY U3405, a specific thromboxane A2 (TX A2) receptor blocker, was performed in patients suffering from severe stade II limb arteriopathy. BAY U3405 or placebo was administered in 16 patients at 20 mg four times a day (from day 1 to day 3). Hemostatic studies were done before therapy, and on day 2 and day 3 under therapy. On day 3, BAY U3405 was shown to induce a highly statistically significant decrease of the velocity and the intensity of the aggregations mediated by arachidonic acid (56 ± 37% for the velocity, 58 ± 26% for the intensity) or by U46619 endoperoxide analogue (36 ± 35% for the velocity, 37 ± 27% for the intensity). Similar results were already observed on day 2. By contrast, such a decrease was not noticed with ADP mediated platelet aggregation. Furthermore, plasma levels of betathrombo-globulin and platelet factor 4 remained unchanged. Peripheral hemodynamic parameters were also studied. The peripheral blood flow was measured using a Doppler ultrasound; the pain free walking distance and the total walking ability distance were determined under standardized conditions on a treadmill. These last two parameters show a trend to improvement which nevertheless was not statistically significant. All together these results encourage further in vivo studies using BAY U3405 or related compounds on a long-term administration.

Evaluation of Potent Isoquinoline-Based Thiosemicarbazone Antiproliferatives Against Solid Tumor Models

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sun ◽  
Soumya Poddar ◽  
Roy D. Pan ◽  
Juno Van Valkenburgh ◽  
Ethan Rosser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Tumor Models ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Adaptive Resistance ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
Nanomolar Range

The lead compound, an ⍺-N-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone <b>HCT-13</b>, was highly potent against a panel of pancreatic, small cell lung carcinoma, and prostate cancer models, with IC<sub>90</sub> values in the low-to-mid nanomolar range.<b> </b>We show that the cytotoxicity of <b>HCT-13</b> is copper-dependent, that it acts as a copper ionophore, induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and S-phase arrest. Lastly, DNA damage response/replication stress response (DDR/RSR) pathways, specifically Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) and Rad3-related protein kinase (ATR), were identified as actionable adaptive resistance mechanisms following <b>HCT-13 </b>treatment. Taken together, <b>HCT-13 </b>is potent against solid tumor models and warrants <i>in vivo</i> evaluation against aggressive tumor models, either as a single agent or as part of a combination therapy.

Chemical Permeation Enhancers for Transdermal Delivery of Thiocolchicoside: Assessment of Ex-vivo Skin Flux and In-vivo Pharmacokinetics

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3827-3835
Author(s):  
Y Madhusudan Rao ◽  
Gayatri P ◽  
Ajitha M ◽  
P. Pavan Kumar ◽  
Kiran kumar
Keyword(s):  
Passive Control ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Skin Permeation ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Permeation Enhancers ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
Chemical Permeation Enhancers ◽  
Chemical Permeation ◽  
In Vivo Pharmacokinetics

Present investigation comprises the study of ex-vivo skin flux and in-vivo pharmacokinetics of Thiocolchicoside (THC) from transdermal films. The films were fabricated by solvent casting technique employing combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers. A flux of 18.08 µg/cm2h and 13.37µg/cm2h was achieved for optimized formulations containing 1, 8-cineole and oleic acid respectively as permeation enhancers. The observed flux values were higher when compared to passive control (8.66 µg/cm2h). Highest skin permeation was observed when 1,8-cineole was used as chemical permeation enhancer and it considerably (2-2.5 fold) improved the THC transport across the rat skin. In vivo studies were performed in rabbits and samples were analysed by LC-MS-MS. The mean area under the curve (AUC) values of transdermal film showed about 2.35 times statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement in bioavailability when compared with the oral administration of THC solution. The developed transdermal therapeutic systems using chemical permeation enhancers were suitable for drugs like THC in effective management of muscular pain.    

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