Abstract
Background
The genesis and developments of solid tumors, analogous to the renewal of healthy tissues, are driven by a subpopulation of dedicated stem cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), that exhibit long-tern clonal repopulation and self-renewal capacity. CSCs may regulate tumor initiation, growth, dormancy, metastasis, recurrence and chemoresistance. While autophagy has been proposed as a regulator of the stemness of CSCs, the underlying mechanisms requires further elucidation.
Methods
The subpopulation of CSCs in human melanoma cell line M14 was established by repetitive enrichments for cells that consistently display anchorage-independent spheroid growth. The stemness properties of the CSCs were confirmed in vitro by the expressions of stemness marker genes, the single-cell cloning assay and the serial spheroid formation assay. Subcutaneous tumor transplantation assay in BALB/c nude mice was performed to test the stemness properties of the CSCs in vivo. The autophagic activity in cells was confirmed by the protein level of LC3 and P62, mRFP-LC3B punta and cytoplasmic accumulation of autolysosomes. The morphology of ER was detected with transmission electron microscopy.
Results
In the present study, by employing a stable CSC cell line derived from human melanoma cell line M14, we show for the first time that Sec23a inhibits the self-renewal of melanoma CSCs via inactivation of ER-phagy. Mechanistically, inhibition of Sec23a reduces ER stress and consequently FAM134B-induced ER-phagy. Furthermore, TCGA data mining and analysis show that Sec23a is a favorable diagnostic and prognostic marker for human skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM).
Conclusion
Herein, this study has elucidated a new mechanism underlying the regulation of autophagy on stemness, i.e. CSCs can exploit the SEC23A/ER-stress/FAM134B/ER-phagy axis for the self-renewal. The results provide new ideas for comprehensive exploration of the regulatory network of CSC self-renewal and new potential targets for CSCs-based therapy strategies for malignant tumors.
Correction to: Regulation of the adaptation to ER stress by KLF4 facilitates melanoma cell metastasis via upregulating NUCB2 expression
