scholarly journals Correction to: Common metabolic networks contribute to carbon sink strength of sorghum internodes: implications for bioenergy improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Li ◽  
Min Tu ◽  
Yaping Feng ◽  
Wenqin Wang ◽  
Joachim Messing
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Original Version ◽  
Sink Strength

The original version of the article [1] unfortunately contained a mistake in author’s first name. The name of the author has been corrected from Wenqing Wang to Wenqin Wang in this correction article. The original article [1] has been corrected.

scholarly journals Common metabolic networks contribute to carbon sink strength of sorghum internodes: implications for bioenergy improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Li ◽  
Min Tu ◽  
Yaping Feng ◽  
Wenqin Wang ◽  
Joachim Messing
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
The Common

Abstract Background Sorghum bicolor (L.) is an important bioenergy source. The stems of sweet sorghum function as carbon sinks and accumulate large amounts of sugars and lignocellulosic biomass and considerable amounts of starch, therefore providing a model of carbon allocation and accumulation for other bioenergy crops. While omics data sets for sugar accumulation have been reported in different genotypes, the common features of primary metabolism in sweet genotypes remain unclear. To obtain a cohesive and comparative picture of carbohydrate metabolism between sorghum genotypes, we compared the phenotypes and transcriptome dynamics of sugar-accumulating internodes among three different sweet genotypes (Della, Rio, and SIL-05) and two non-sweet genotypes (BTx406 and R9188). Results Field experiments showed that Della and Rio had similar dynamics and internode patterns of sugar concentration, albeit distinct other phenotypes. Interestingly, cellulose synthases for primary cell wall and key genes in starch synthesis and degradation were coordinately upregulated in sweet genotypes. Sweet sorghums maintained active monolignol biosynthesis compared to the non-sweet genotypes. Comparative RNA-seq results support the role of candidate Tonoplast Sugar Transporter gene (TST), but not the Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter genes (SWEETs) in the different sugar accumulations between sweet and non-sweet genotypes. Conclusions Comparisons of the expression dynamics of carbon metabolic genes across the RNA-seq data sets identify several candidate genes with contrasting expression patterns between sweet and non-sweet sorghum lines, including genes required for cellulose and monolignol synthesis (CesA, PTAL, and CCR), starch metabolism (AGPase, SS, SBE, and G6P-translocator SbGPT2), and sucrose metabolism and transport (TPP and TST2). The common transcriptome features of primary metabolism identified here suggest the metabolic networks contributing to carbon sink strength in sorghum internodes, prioritize the candidate genes for manipulating carbon allocation with bioenergy purposes, and provide a comparative and cohesive picture of the complexity of carbon sink strength in sorghum stem.

scholarly journals Small waterbodies reduce the carbon sink of a polygonal tundra landscape

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Beckebanze ◽  
Zoé Rehder ◽  
David Holl ◽  
Charlotta Mirbach ◽  
Christian Wille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Small Waterbodies ◽  
Methane Fluxes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Arctic permafrost landscapes have functioned as a global carbon sink for millennia. These landscapes are very heterogeneous, and the omnipresent waterbodies are a carbon source within them. Yet, only a few studies focus on the impact of these waterbodies on the landscape carbon budget. We compare carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from small waterbodies to fluxes from the surrounding tundra using eddy covariance measurements from a tower located between a large pond and semi-terrestrial vegetated tundra. When taking the open-water areas of small waterbodies into account, the carbon dioxide sink strength of the landscape was reduced by 11 %. While open-water methane emissions were similar to the tundra emissions, some parts of the studied pond's shoreline exhibited much higher emissions, underlining the high spatial variability of methane emissions. We conclude that gas fluxes from small waterbodies can contribute significantly to the carbon budget of arctic tundra landscapes. Consequently, changes in arctic hydrology and the concomitant changes in the waterbody distribution may substantially impact the overall carbon budget of the Arctic.

Towers, Chambers & UAVs: Exploring the drivers of carbon sink strength at a temperate peatland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Simpson ◽  
Carole Helfter ◽  
Caroline Nichol ◽  
Tom Wade
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
The Impact

<p>Peatlands are terrestrial carbon sinks of global significance, storing an estimated one-third of global soil carbon. Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) can however vary substantially on seasonal and inter-annual timescales, with some peatlands switching from a sink to a source of CO<sub>2</sub>. Complex and sometimes competing processes, such as meteorology and phenology, regulate a peatland’s net carbon sink strength. Understanding seasonal and inter-annual variability in NEE requires studying these environmental controls at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The role of vegetation in regulating NEE can be particularly difficult to ascertain at the finer timescales (e.g. seasonal) and at sites with abundant plant diversity, non-uniform distribution and complex micro-topography, such as peatlands. Vegetation surveys are traditionally conducted every few years and, because of this, they might not capture the shorter-term variations that can result from meteorological anomalies such as drought. New technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), offer novel opportunities to improve the temporal resolution and spatial coverage of traditional vegetation survey approaches. UAVs are a more flexible, often cheaper alternative to satellite products, which can be used to collect data at the sub-centimetre scale. Such high resolution is particularly valuable in peatland environments, which typically display strong heterogeneity at the micro-site level (< 0.5 m). We employ UAV surveys with a Parrot Sequoia multispectral camera to map vegetation and track its phenology using vegetation indices such as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the course of two growing seasons at a temperate Scottish peatland. By combining this multispectral data with in-situ NEE measurements (closed chambers and eddy-covariance) and meteorological data, this project aims to quantify the impact of weather and phenology on carbon balance at the site. An improved understanding of these two drivers of peatland carbon cycling will allow for better prediction of the impact of climate change at the site.</p>

Photosynthetic downregulation in the conifer Metasequoia glyptostroboides growing under continuous light: the significance of carbohydrate sinks and paleoecophysiological implications

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 1453-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Alejandra Equiza ◽  
Michael E. Day ◽  
Richard Jagels ◽  
Xiaochun Li
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Metasequoia Glyptostroboides ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Photosynthetic Downregulation

During the Eocene (ca. 45 Ma) a temperate climate at high northern latitudes provided an environment unlike any that currently exists on Earth. The growing season was characterized by long (up to 4 months) periods of continuous, low- to moderate-intensity illumination. While this remarkable light regime offered opportunities for substantial growth, it also imposed physiological challenges consequential to potential carbon sink–source imbalance and resulting downregulation of photosynthetic capacity. To better understand the physiology of adaptation to a continuous-light (CL) environment, we experimentally investigated the effects of CL and carbon sink–source relationships in the deciduous conifer Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, an extant representative of a genus that was the dominant tree component of many Eocene high-latitude forests. We tested the importance of branch-level and whole-plant sinks in curtailing feedback inhibition and the specific roles of starch and sugars in that process using manipulative experiments. Trees growing under either normal day–night cycles or continuous illumination were subjected to reduction of local, branch-level sinks or both local and whole-tree sinks. Reduction in sink strength led to downregulation of photosynthetic capacity, as evidenced by reduction of photosynthetic rates, carboxylation capacity, and electron transfer capacity. Our results suggest that photosynthetic downregulation is minimized by maintenance of both whole-tree sinks and local sinks. downregulation showed a greater correlation with starch than with sugar content, and ultrastructural evidence indicated that foliar starch accumulated only in chloroplasts, and was accompanied by reduction in functional chloroplast grana, but showed no evidence of physical disruption of thylakoids.

scholarly journals Peat Carbon Vulnerability to Projected Climate Warming in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada: A Decision Support Tool for Land Use Planning in Peatland Dominated Landscapes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. McLaughlin ◽  
Maara S. Packalen
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Bayesian Belief Network ◽  
Bayesian Belief Networks ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Belief Network ◽  
Hudson Bay Lowlands

Peatlands help regulate climate by sequestering (net removal) carbon from the atmosphere and storing it in plants and soils. However, as mean annual air temperature (MAAT) increases, peat carbon stocks may decrease. We conducted an in-depth synthesis of current knowledge about ecosystem controls on peatland carbon storage and fluxes to constrain the most influential parameters in probabilistic modelling of peat carbon sinks, such as Bayesian belief networks. Evaluated parameters included climate, carbon flux and mass, land cover, landscape position (defined here as elevation), fire records, and current and future climate scenarios for a 74,300 km2 landscape in the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada. The Bayesian belief network was constructed with four tiers: 1) exposure, expressed as MAAT, and the state variables of elevation and land cover; 2) sensitivity, expressed as ecosystem conditions relevant to peat carbon mass and its quality for decomposition, peat wetness, and fire; 3) carbon dioxide and methane fluxes and peat combustion; and 4) vulnerability of peat carbon sink strength under warmer MAAT. Simulations were conducted using current (−3.0 to 0.0°C), moderately warmer (0.1–4.0°C), and severely warmer (4.1–9.0°C) climate scenarios. Results from the severely warmer climate scenario projected an overall drying of peat, with approximately 20% reduction in the strong sink categories of net ecosystem exchange and peat carbon sink strength for the severely and, to a lesser degree, the moderately warmer climate scenarios relative to current MAAT. In the warmest temperature simulation, probability of methane emission decreased slightly and the probability of the strong peat carbon sink strength was 27% lower due to peat combustion. Our Bayesian belief network can assist land planners in decision-making for peatland-dominated landscapes, such as identifying high carbon storage areas and those projected to be at greatest risk of carbon loss due to climate change. Such areas may be designated, for example, as protected or reduced management intensity. The Bayesian belief network presented here is built on an in-depth knowledge synthesis to construct conditional probability tables, so is expected to apply to other peatland-dense jurisdictions by changing only elevation, peatland types, and MAAT.

The case for improving crop carbon sink strength or plasticity for a CO2-rich future

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 259-272
Author(s):  
Michael Dingkuhn ◽  
Delphine Luquet ◽  
Denis Fabre ◽  
Bertrand Muller ◽  
Xinyou Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Sink Strength

scholarly journals Are the rates of photosynthesis stimulated by the carbon sink strength of rhizobial and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses?

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1233-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glaciela Kaschuk ◽  
Thomas W. Kuyper ◽  
Peter A. Leffelaar ◽  
Mariangela Hungria ◽  
Ken E. Giller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Sink Strength

Sailing meets Science

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Landschützer ◽  
Toste Tanhua ◽  
Stefan Raimund ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
First Results ◽  
Ocean Carbon

<p>The surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) is one of the main quantitates determining the ocean sink strength for CO2 and knowledge of surface ocean pCO2 plays a vital role in monitoring the global carbon budget. However, measuring pCO2 via infrared absorption requires repeated calibration and drift corrections, and therefore ships are still the major platform for these measurements. Given the limited number and availability of pCO2 observations, scientists have fostered collaborations with industrial partners, participating in the Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) program, to collect valuable pCO2 measurements. One fleet, however, has thus far been largely overlooked: sailing yachts. Modern sensor technology to-date allows for low weight and low energy consumption equilibrator systems that can be successfully mounted on recreational and high-performance sailing yachts with good quality data. Here we present the first results from 3 years of autonomous measurements aboard two IMOCA yachts, Seaexplorer -Yacht Club de Monaco (previously Malizia) and Newrest –Art & Fenêtres using a SubCtech flat membrane equilibrator system. First results indicate that sailing yachts provide crucial high frequency measurements to study open and coastal ocean systems, are well suited to study mesoscale variations in the ocean carbon sink and provide measurements beyond industrial shipping routes (e.g. the Southern Ocean). In summary, sail yachts are a promising way forward in order to complement the current observing system for the global ocean carbon cycle in a changing climate.</p>

Floodplain forest carbon exchange – a micrometeorological point of view

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Kowalska ◽  
Georg Jocher ◽  
Ladislav Šigut ◽  
Marian Pavelka
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Floodplain Forest ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
The Impact

<p>Since the eddy covariance (EC) method became a key method for measurements of the energy and greenhouse gas exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere, a large number of studies was conducted to understand the mechanisms driving the carbon exchange in forest ecosystems. In recent years, case studies further focused on testing and validating the applicability of the EC technique above forest ecosystems, also assessing the spatial and temporal variability of sub canopy fluxes. These studies led to the conclusion that there is a high probability of overestimating the forest carbon sink strength with EC measurements above the forest canopy only, as these measurements may miss respiration components from within and below the canopy due to insufficient mixing across the canopy. Additional below canopy EC measurements were suggested to tackle this problem and to get information about potential decoupling between below and above forest canopy air masses as well as potentially missing respiration components in the above canopy derived signal.</p><p>The overall goal of the study here is to derive an as detailed as possible understanding of the carbon exchange in Lanžhot floodplain forest with the help of concurrent EC measurements below and above the forest canopy. Lanžhot floodplain forest is situated 6.5 km north of the confluence of the Morava and Thaya rivers in Czech Republic (48.6815483 N, 16.9463317 E). The long-term average annual precipitation at this site is around 517 mm and the mean annual temperature is 9.5 °C. The average groundwater level is -2.7 m. Since a long time flooding occurs here very rarely, the last flooding event was in 2013. In addition, the site is hydrologically managed. Consequently, the water regime of the site changed over the years and represents nowadays relatively dry conditions for such type of ecosystem.</p><p>To reach our research goal we evaluate different single- and two-level filtering strategies of the above canopy derived carbon exchange values and the impact of these filterings on the annual ecosystem carbon exchange rates. Our hypothesis is that conventional single-level EC flux filtering strategies like the u<sub>*</sub>-filtering might not be sufficient to fully capture the carbon exchange of the studied floodplain forest ecosystem. We further hypothesize that additional below canopy EC measurements are mandatory to achieve unbiased forest carbon exchange values with the EC technique.</p>

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