The pattern of kdr mutations correlated with the temperature in field populations of Aedes albopictus in China

Abstract Background Aedes albopictus is the primary vector of dengue fever in China. This mosquito species has a wide distribution range in China and can be found in the tropical climate zones of southern provinces through to temperate climate zones of northern provinces. Insecticides are an important control method, especially during outbreaks of dengue fever, but increasing insecticide resistance raises the risk of failure to control vector-borne diseases. Knockdown resistance (kdr) caused by point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene is a key mechanism that confers resistance to pyrethroids. In this study we explored the characteristics and possible evolutionary trend of kdr mutation in Ae. albopictus based on analysis of the kdr mutations in field populations of mosquitoes in China. Methods A total of 1549 adult Ae. albopictus were collected from 18 sites in China from 2017 to 2019 and 50 individuals from three sites in the 1990s. A fragment of approximately 350 bp from part of the S6 segment in the VGSC gene domain III was amplified and sequenced. Using TCS software version 1.21A, we constructed haplotypes of the VGSC gene network and calculated outgroup probability of the haplotypes. Data of annual average temperatures (AAT) of the collection sites were acquired from the national database. The correlation between AAT of the collection site and the kdr mutation rate was analyzed by Pearson correlation using SPSS software version 21.0. Results The overall frequency of mutant allele F1534 was 45.6%. Nine mutant alleles were detected at codon 1534 in 15 field populations, namely TCC/TCG (S) (38.9%), TTG/CTG/CTC/TTA (L) (3.7%), TGC (C) (2.9%), CGC (R) (0.3%) and TGG (W) (0.1%). Only one mutant allele, ACC (T), was found at codon 1532, with a frequency of 6.4% in ten field populations. Moreover, multiple mutations at alleles I1532 and F1534 in a sample appeared in five populations. The 1534 mutation rate was significantly positively related to AAT (Pearson correlation: r(18) = 0.624, P = 0.0056), while the 1532 mutation rate was significantly negatively related to AAT (Pearson correlation: r(18) = − 0.645, P = 0.0038). Thirteen haplotypes were inferred, in which six mutant haplotypes were formed by one step, and one additional mutation formed the other six haplotypes. In the samples from the 1990s, no mutant allele was detected at codon 1532 of the VGSC gene. However, F1534S/TCC was found in HNHK94 with an unexpected frequency of 100%. Conclusions Kdr mutations are widespread in the field populations of Ae. albopictus in China. Two novel mutant alleles, F1534W/TGG and F1534R/CGC, were detected in this study. The 1534 kdr mutation appeared in the population of Ae. albopictus no later than the 1990s. The F1534 mutation rate was positively correlated with AAT, while the I1532 mutation rate was negatively correlated with AAT. These results indicate that iInsecticide usage should be carefully managed to slow down the spread of highly resistant Ae. albopictus populations, especially in the areas with higher AAT. Graphical abstract

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The Pattern of Knockdown Resistance Mutations Correlated to the Annual Average Temperature in Field Populations of Aedes Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-201442/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hanming Chen ◽

Qiuming Zhou ◽

Haowei Dong ◽

Hao Yuan ◽

Jie Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dengue Fever ◽

Mutation Rate ◽

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Mutant Allele ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Point Mutations ◽

National Database ◽

Knockdown Resistance ◽

Resistance Mutations ◽

Annual Average

Abstract Background: Aedes albopictus is the main vector of dengue fever in China, distributed from north to south in China. Insecticides are an important method to control the mosquitoes, especially in the outbreak of dengue fever, but insecticide resistance raises the risk of failure to control vector-borne diseases. Knockdown resistance (kdr) caused by point mutations in the VGSC gene is a key mechanism that confers resistance to pyrethroids. To explore the characteristics and possible evolution trend of kdr mutation in Ae. albopictus, we analyzed the kdr mutations of field populations in China in this study.Methods: A total of 1 549 Ae. albopictus were collected from 18 sites in China from 2017 to 2019, as well as 50 individuals from three sites in the 1990s. A fragment of approximately 350 bp from part of S6 segment in the VGSC gene domain III was amplified and sequenced. The haplotypes of VGSC gene were recorded and the parsimony network was constructed using TCS 1.21. The data of annual average temperatures (AAT) of collection sites was acquired from national database. The correlation between AAT of the collection site and the kdr mutation rate was analyzed by Pearson Correlation using SPSS 21.0. Results: The overall frequency of mutant allele F1534 is 45.62%. Nine mutant alleles were detected at codon 1534 in fifteen field populations, namely TCC/TCG (S) (38.86%), TTG/CTG/CTC/TTA (L) (3.71%), TGC (C) (2.68%), CGC (R) (0.27%) and TGG (W) (0.10%). Only one mutant allele ACC (T) was found at codon 1532 with frequency of 6.39% in ten field populations. Moreover, multiple mutations at I1532 and F1534 in a sample appeared in five populations. The 1534 mutation rate was significantly positive related to AAT (Coefficient=0.624, p=0.0056), while the 1532 mutation rate was significantly negative related to AAT (Coefficient=-0.645, p=0.0038). Thirteen haplotypes were inferred, in which six mutant haplotypes were formed by one step, and the other six haplotypes were formed by one more mutations. In the samples from 1990s, no mutant allele was detected at codon 1532 of VGSC gene. However, F1534S/TCC was found in HNHK94 with an unexpected frequency of 100%.ConclusionsKdr mutations are widespread in the field populations of Ae. albopictus in China. Two novel mutant alleles F1534W/TGG and F1534R/CGC were the detected. The 1534 kdr mutation appeared in the population of Ae. albopictus no later than 1990s. F1534 mutation rate is positive correlated to AAT, while I1532 mutation rate is negative correlated to AAT. Insecticide using should be carefully managed to slow down the spread of high-resistance Ae. albopictus populations.

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Population genetic dynamics of dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Sri Lanka: baseline study for designing Wolbachia control method

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1007/s42690-020-00395-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

M. D. Nirmani ◽

K. L. N. S. Perera ◽

G. H. Galhena

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Population Genetic ◽

Control Method ◽

Baseline Study ◽

Dengue Vectors

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Molecular characterization of Polychromophilus parasites of Scotophilus kuhlii bats in Thailand

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s003118202000222x ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Chatree Chumnandee ◽

Nawarat Pha-obnga ◽

Oskar Werb ◽

Kai Matuschewski ◽

Juliane Schaer

Keyword(s):

Blood Cells ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Climate Zones ◽

Haemosporidian Parasites ◽

South And Southeast Asia ◽

Molecular Investigation

Abstract Parasites of the haemosporidian genus Polychromophilus have exclusively been described in bats. These parasites belong to the diverse group of malaria parasites, and Polychromophilus presents the only haemosporidian taxon that infects mammalian hosts in tropical as well as in temperate climate zones. This study provides the first information of Polychromophilus parasites in the lesser Asiatic yellow bat (Scotophilus kuhlii) in Thailand, a common vespertilionid bat species distributed in South and Southeast Asia. The gametocyte blood stages of the parasites could not be assigned to a described morphospecies and molecular analysis revealed that these parasites might represent a distinct Polychromophilus species. In contrast to Plasmodium species, Polychromophilus parasites do not multiply in red blood cells and, thus, do not cause the clinical symptoms of malaria. Parasitological and molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites of wildlife, such as the neglected genus Polychromophilus, will contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of malaria parasites.

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Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) infected with the American-Asian genotype of dengue type 2 virus in Medellín suggests its possible role as vector of dengue fever in Colombia

Biomédica ◽

10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3474 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Andrés Gómez-Palacio ◽

Juan Suaza-Vasco ◽

Sandra Castaño ◽

Omar Triana ◽

Sandra Uribe

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Distribución Geográfica ◽

Dengue Type 2 Virus

Introducción. Aedes aegypti y Ae. albopictus son reconocidos vectores de arbovirus como los del dengue, la fiebre amarilla, el chikungunya y el Zika, en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. En Colombia, la distribución geográfica de Ae. albopictus ha sufrido un incremento y hoy incluye ciudades como Cali y Medellín. Hasta ahora, sin embargo, no se ha recabado información concluyente sobre su infección viral y su capacidad de transmisión a los humanos.Objetivo. Determinar la infección natural por dengue en ejemplares de Ae. albopictus recolectados en un área urbana de Medellín.Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron individuos de Ae. albopictus en el campus de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín. Se confirmó su clasificación taxonómica mediante el análisis del gen citocromo oxidasa I (COI), y se extrajo el ARN total para la identificación del virus del dengue y de los respectivos serotipos. La presencia del genotipo DENV se infirió mediante el análisis del gen NS3.Resultados. El análisis del COI corroboró el estatus taxonómico de Ae. albopictus. Uno de los mosquitos procesados fue positivo para DENV-2 y el análisis del NS3 mostró una gran similitud con el genotipo asiático-americano.Conclusión. Se reporta la infección con DENV-2 en Ae. albopictus en Medellín, Colombia. La presencia del genotipo asiático-americano en una zona urbana sugiere su posible circulación entre humanos y en Ae. albopictus, lo cual alerta sobre su eventual papel en la transmisión del DENV-2, y sobre la necesidad de incluir esta especie en la vigilancia entomológica en Colombia.

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A thermodynamic limit constrains complexity and primitive social function

International Journal of Astrobiology ◽

10.1017/s1473550418000149 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 329-335

Author(s):

Philip J Gerrish ◽

Claudia P Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Mutation Rate ◽

Social Behaviour ◽

Social Function ◽

Somatic Tissue ◽

Transformation Rate ◽

Complex Societies ◽

Evolutionary Trend ◽

Extraterrestrial Life ◽

Repair Mechanisms ◽

Selection For

AbstractThe evolutionary trend toward increasing complexity and social function is ultimately the result of natural selection's paradoxical tendency to foster cooperation through competition. Cooperating populations ranging from complex societies to somatic tissue are constantly under attack, however, by non-cooperating mutants or transformants, called ‘cheaters’. Structure in these populations promotes the formation of cooperating clusters whose competitive superiority can alone be sufficient to thwart outgrowths of cheaters and thereby maintain cooperation. But we find that when cheaters appear too frequently – exceeding a threshold mutation or transformation rate – their scattered outgrowths infiltrate and break up cooperating clusters, resulting in a cascading loss of social cohesiveness, a switch to net positive selection for cheaters and ultimately in the loss of cooperation. Our findings imply that a critically low mutation rate had to be achieved (perhaps through the advent of proofreading and repair mechanisms) before complex cooperative functions, such as those required for multicellularity and social behaviour, could have evolved and persisted. When mutation rate in our model is also allowed to evolve, the threshold is crossed spontaneously after thousands of generations, at which point cheaters rapidly invade. Probing extrapolations of these findings suggest: (1) in somatic tissue, it is neither social retro-evolution alone nor mutation rate evolution alone but the interplay between these two that ultimately leads to oncogenic transitions; the rate of this coevolution might thereby provide an indicator of lifespan of species, terrestrial or not; (2) the likelihood that extraterrestrial life can be expected to be multicellular and social should be affected by ultraviolet and other mutagenic factors.

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Potential Risk Areas of Aedes albopictus in South-Eastern Iran: A Vector of Dengue Fever, Zika, and Chikungunya

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2017.01660 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jalil Nejati ◽

Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽

Francisco Collantes ◽

Ahmad A. Hanafi-Bojd ◽

Hassan Vatandoost ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dengue Fever ◽

Aedes Albopictus ◽

Potential Risk ◽

South Eastern ◽

Eastern Iran ◽

Risk Areas

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Reviews and syntheses: Greenhouse gas exchange data from drained organic forest soils – a review of current approaches and recommendations for future research

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-16-4687-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4687-4703 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jyrki Jauhiainen ◽

Jukka Alm ◽

Brynhildur Bjarnadottir ◽

Ingeborg Callesen ◽

Jesper R. Christiansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Soils ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Future Research ◽

Organic Soils ◽

Climate Zones ◽

Ch4 And N2o ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones are believed to be significant sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), but the annual fluxes are still highly uncertain. Drained organic soils exemplify systems where many studies are still carried out with relatively small resources, several methodologies and manually operated systems, which further involve different options for the detailed design of the measurement and data analysis protocols for deriving the annual flux. It would be beneficial to set certain guidelines for how to measure and report the data, so that data from individual studies could also be used in synthesis work based on data collation and modelling. Such synthesis work is necessary for deciphering general patterns and trends related to, e.g., site types, climate, and management, and the development of corresponding emission factors, i.e. estimates of the net annual soil GHG emission and removal, which can be used in GHG inventories. Development of specific emission factors also sets prerequisites for the background or environmental data to be reported in individual studies. We argue that wide applicability greatly increases the value of individual studies. An overall objective of this paper is to support future monitoring campaigns in obtaining high-value data. We analysed peer-reviewed publications presenting CO2, CH4 and N2O flux data for drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emissions and removals. We evaluated the methods used in data collection and identified major gaps in background or environmental data. Based on these, we formulated recommendations for future research.

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