scholarly journals Autism-associated biomarkers: test–retest reliability and relationship to quantitative social trait variation in rhesus monkeys

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozge Oztan ◽  
Catherine F. Talbot ◽  
Emanuela Argilli ◽  
Alyssa C. Maness ◽  
Sierra M. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Social Responsiveness Scale ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Social Trait

Abstract Background Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) exhibit pronounced individual differences in social traits as measured by the macaque Social Responsiveness Scale-Revised. The macaque Social Responsiveness Scale was previously adapted from the Social Responsiveness Scale, an instrument designed to assess social and autistic trait variation in humans. To better understand potential biological underpinnings of this behavioral variation, we evaluated the trait-like consistency of several biological measures previously implicated in autism (e.g., arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, and their receptors, as well as ERK1/2, PTEN, and AKT(1–3) from the RAS-MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways). We also tested which biological measures predicted macaque Social Responsiveness Scale-Revised scores. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples were collected from N = 76 male monkeys, which, as a sample, showed a continuous distribution on the macaque Social Responsiveness Scale-Revised. In a subset of these subjects (n = 43), samples were collected thrice over a 10-month period. The following statistical tests were used: “Case 2A” intra-class correlation coefficients of consistency, principal component analysis, and general linear modeling. Results All biological measures (except AKT) showed significant test–retest reliability within individuals across time points. We next performed principal component analysis on data from monkeys with complete biological measurement sets at the first time point (n = 57), to explore potential correlations between the reliable biological measures and their relationship to macaque Social Responsiveness Scale-Revised score; a three-component solution was found. Follow-up analyses revealed that cerebrospinal fluid arginine vasopressin concentration, but no other biological measure, robustly predicted individual differences in macaque Social Responsiveness Scale-Revised scores, such that monkeys with the lowest cerebrospinal fluid arginine vasopressin concentration exhibited the greatest social impairment. Finally, we confirmed that this result held in the larger study sample (in which cerebrospinal fluid arginine vasopressin values were available from n = 75 of the subjects). Conclusions These findings indicate that cerebrospinal fluid arginine vasopressin concentration is a stable trait-like measure and that it is linked to quantitative social trait variation in male rhesus monkeys.

scholarly journals Modifying and validating the social responsiveness scale edition 2 for use with deaf children and young people

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243162
Author(s):  
Barry Wright ◽  
Helen Phillips ◽  
Ann Le Couteur ◽  
Jennifer Sweetman ◽  
Rachel Hodkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Responsiveness Scale ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Deaf People ◽  
Delphi Consensus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

A Delphi consensus methodology was used to adapt a screening tool, the Social Responsiveness Scale– 2 (SRS-2), for use with deaf children including those whose preferred communication method is sign language. Using this approach; 27 international experts (The Delphi International Expert Panel), on the topic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in deaf people, contributed to the review of item content. A criterion for agreement was set at 80% of experts on each item (with 75% acceptable in the final fourth round). The agreed modifications are discussed. The modified SRS-2 research adaptation for deaf people (referred to here as the “SRS-2 Deaf adaptation”) was then translated into British Sign Language using a robust translation methodology and validated in England in a sample of 198 deaf children, 76 with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and 122 without ASD. The SRS-2 Deaf adaptation was compared blind to a NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) guideline standard clinical assessment. The area under the Receiver Operating (ROC) curve was 0.811 (95% CI: 0.753, 0.869), with an optimal cut-off value of 73, which gave a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 67%. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was 0.968 suggesting high internal consistency. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.897, supporting test-retest reliability. This performance is equivalent to similar instruments used for screening ASD in the hearing population.

Validation of the Korean Version of the Acupuncture Expectancy Scale

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Ji Kim ◽  
In-Seon Lee ◽  
Ho-Sun Kim ◽  
Hyejung Lee ◽  
Hi-Joon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Acupuncture Therapy ◽  
Acupuncture Treatment ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Spearman Rank Correlation ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
To Receive

Objectives Expectancy has been shown to affect patients’ responses to acupuncture therapy. However, no validated measure of expectancy for acupuncture is available in the Korean language. The Acupuncture Expectancy Scale (AES), a 4-item self-reporting questionnaire, is the validated instrument for measuring expectancies regarding acupuncture therapy. We translated the AES into Korean and examined its test–retest reliability and construct validity. Methods The AES was translated using a forward and backward translation procedure. Internal consistency was assessed in 275 participants with item-total correlations. Construct validity was also assessed by performing principal component analysis and correlating scores on the scale with the participants’ intention to receive acupuncture therapy. Test–retest reliability was assessed in 33 participants by calculating Cronbach's α and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Results Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α=0.910). Principal component analysis showed that expectancy of acupuncture treatment accounted for 79.2% of the variance. The AES was positively correlated with participants’ intention to receive acupuncture treatment (r=0.695, p<0.001). Test–retest reliability in 33 of the 275 participants was adequate, with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient ranging from 0.500 to 0.737 (p<0.001). Conclusions The Korean version of the AES is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring patients’ expectancies regarding acupuncture treatment in the Korean population.

Differentiation between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum with Electronic Nose

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Aronzon ◽  
C. William Hanson ◽  
Erica R. Thaler
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Sensor Array ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Csf Leaks

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates the ability of the electronic nose to differentiate between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum and to identify an unknown specimen as CSF or serum. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: CSF and serum specimens were heated and tested with an organic semiconductor-based Cyranose 320 electronic nose (Cyrons Sciences, Pasadena, CA). Data from the 32-element sensor array were subjected to principal component analysis to depict differences in odorant patterns. RESULTS: The electronic nose was able to distinguish between CSF and serum isolates with Mahalanobis distance >5. Furthermore, the electronic nose was able to place unknown specimens in the appropriate class of CSF or serum. CONCLUSIONS: The electronic nose is a novel method that may allow rapid, low cost, and reliable distinction between CSF and serum in a clinical setting. SIGNIFICANCE: Because the results are available almost immediately, the electronic nose is a powerful tool that in the future may allow for rapid diagnosis of CSF leaks in the office setting.

scholarly journals Validation of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) to screen for atypical social behaviors in juvenile macaques

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0235946
Author(s):  
Z. Kovacs Balint ◽  
J. Raper ◽  
V. Michopoulos ◽  
L. H. Howell ◽  
C. Gunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Responsiveness Scale ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Primate Research ◽  
The Social

Primates form strong social bonds and depend on social relationships and networks that provide shared resources and protection critical for survival. Social deficits such as those present in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other psychiatric disorders hinder the individual’s functioning in communities. Given that early diagnosis and intervention can improve outcomes and trajectories of ASD, there is a great need for tools to identify early markers for screening/diagnosis, and for translational animal models to uncover biological mechanisms and develop treatments. One of the most widely used screening tools for ASD in children is the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a quantitative measure used to identify individuals with atypical social behaviors. The SRS has been adapted for use in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)–a species very close to humans in terms of social behavior, brain anatomy/connectivity and development–but has not yet been validated or adapted for a necessary downward extension to younger ages matching those for ASD diagnosis in children. The goal of the present study was to adapt and validate the adult macaque SRS (mSRS) in juvenile macaques with age equivalent to mid-childhood in humans. Expert primate coders modified the mSRS to adapt it to rate atypical social behaviors in juvenile macaques living in complex social groups at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. Construct and face validity of this juvenile mSRS (jmSRS) was determined based on well-established and operationalized measures of social and non-social behaviors in this species using traditional behavioral observations. We found that the jmSRS identifies variability in social responsiveness of juvenile rhesus monkeys and shows strong construct/predictive validity, as well as sensitivity to detect atypical social behaviors in young male and female macaques across social status. Thus, the jmSRS provides a promising tool for translational research on macaque models of children social disorders.

scholarly journals The Reliability of the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 in an Iranian Typically Developing Group of Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Shahrivar ◽  
Mehdi Tehrani-Doost ◽  
Elham Davoodi ◽  
Tanaz Hosseiniani ◽  
Helia Tarighatnia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsiveness Scale ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha ◽  
The Social ◽  
Iranian Child ◽  
Autistic Symptoms ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Objective: The Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) is a well-known screening instrument to assess autistic spectrum symptoms quantitatively. This study assessed the different types of reliability of the Farsi translation of the scale. Method: This scale was translated into Farsi and back translated considering all aspects of methodology in translation. Then, based on stratified sampling, 533 7-11-year-old students were randomly selected from the mainstream schools located in the central parts of Tehran, the capital of Iran. For all the students, SRS-2 was completed by both the parents and teachers. To check retest reliability, the test was administered again for 15% of the total participants after a 2-4 week-period. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, split-half” and Gottman” methods, and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used. Results: The mean total raw score was 48.47 (±23.63) and 53.17 (±27.33) in the sequence of the parents and teachers’ reports. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha; 0.86 and 0.89), test-retest reliability (ICC; 0.72 and 0.83 for parents and teacher’ ratings, respectively), and interrater reliability (ICC; 0.72) showed well-accepted measurement performance. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the Farsi SRS-2 can be used as a reliable instrument to measure social responsiveness as autistic symptoms in Iranian child population.

scholarly journals Thai version of the foot function index: a cross-cultural adaptation with reliability and validity evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunee Bovonsunthonchai ◽  
Suthasinee Thong-On ◽  
Roongtiwa Vachalathiti ◽  
Warinda Intiravoranont ◽  
Sarawut Suwannarat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Abstract Background The study aimed to translate the foot function index (FFI) questionnaire to Thai and to determine psychometric properties of the questionnaire among individuals with plantar foot complaints. Methods The Thai version of the FFI (FFI-Th) was adapted according to a forward and backward translation protocol by two independent translators and analyzed by a linguist and a committee. The FFI-Th was administered among 49 individuals with plantar foot complaints to determine internal consistency, reliability, and validity. Cronbach’s alpha and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3,1) were used to test the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The Principal Component Analysis with varimax rotation method was used to test the factor structure and construct validity. Furthermore, the criterion validity was tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rp) between the FFI-Th and the visual analogue pain scale (pain-VAS) as well as the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Results The FFI-Th showed good to excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability in the total score, pain, disability, and activity limitation subscales. The Principal Component Analysis produced 4 principal factors from the FFI-Th items. Criterion validity of the FFI-Th total score showed moderate to strong correlations with pain-VAS and EQ-5D-5L, and EQ-VAS scores. Conclusion The FFI-Th was a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess the foot function in a Thai population. Trial registration NCT03161314 (08/05/2017).

scholarly journals Characterization of Postprandial Effects on CSF Metabolomics: A Pilot Study with Parallel Comparison to Plasma

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Saito ◽  
Kotaro Hattori ◽  
Tomohiro Andou ◽  
Yoshinori Satomi ◽  
Masamitsu Gotou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Interindividual Variations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Time Point

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolites reflect biochemical diffusion/export from the brain and possibly serve as biomarkers related to brain disease severity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic efficacy/toxicity. Metabolomic studies using blood matrices have demonstrated interindividual and preanalytical variation of blood metabolites, whereas those of CSF metabolites remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to delineate the postprandial effects on CSF metabolites because fasting of patients with brain-related disorders is challenging. We collected pre- and postprandial (1.5, 3, and 6 h) plasma and CSF from nine healthy subjects. Using a mass-spectrometry-based global metabolomics approach, 150 and 130 hydrophilic metabolites and 263 and 340 lipids were detected in CSF and plasma, respectively. Principal component analysis of CSF hydrophilic metabolites and lipids primarily classified individual subjects at any time point, suggesting that the postprandial effects had a lower impact than interindividual variations on CSF metabolites. Individually, less than 10% of the CSF metabolites were putatively altered by postprandial effects (with either significant differences or over 2-fold changes, but not both) at any time point. Thus, global CSF metabolite levels are not directly associated with food intake, and except for several putatively altered CSF metabolites, postprandial effects are not a major concern when applying CSF metabolomics to screen biomarkers.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Dance Functional Outcome Survey (DFOS) for Spanish Dancers

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca de-la-Cruz-Torres ◽  
Irene Barrera-García-Martín ◽  
Carlos Romero-Morales ◽  
Shaw Bronner
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

A growing number of research papers regarding Spanish-speaking dancers justifies the need for an adapted Spanish version of the Dance Functional Outcome Survey (DFOS). The objective of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the DFOS for Spanish-speaking dancers. A sample of 127 healthy and injured professional and pre-professional dancers were recruited. Test-retest reliability of DFOS-Sp was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients. Construct validity compared DFOS-Sp to the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) using Pearson correlations. Principal component analysis identified factors and internal-item consistency. Sensitivity was evaluated by generating receiver operating characteristic and area under the curve analyses. A subgroup of 51 injured dancers were followed across three time-points to examine responsiveness using repeated measures analysis of variance. Injured scores were analyzed for floor and ceiling effects. The DFOS-Sp showed high test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 ≥ 0.92). DFOS-Sp scores had moderate construct validity compared with SF-36 physical component summary scores (r ≥ 0.56). Principal component analysis (PCA) supported uni-dimensionality explaining 58% of the variance with high internal consistency (α = 0.91).Area under the curve (AUC) sensitivity values were excellent (AUC ≥ 0.82). There were significant differences across time (p < 0.001), demonstrating responsiveness to change, with no floor or ceiling effects. The DFOS-Sp demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability and validity in Spanish-speaking dancers, with comparable psychometric performance to the English-language version.

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